Pre Revolutionary War Attitudes

By the 1750’s, Americans began to query their involvement with the British Empire by establishing their own identity and unity as Americans. The colonist began to see a strong display of British oppression. Taxes and the different Acts, such as the Intolerable Acts caused the colonists to believe that it would be better if they were separated from their mother country. Colonists also felt that some of their rights and liberties were being taken away by the British Empire. By the eve of the revolution colonist had a sense of identity of an American.America became the melting pot of the world. Colonist began to think of themselves as a new race of men (Document H). Colonist slowly dismissed their ancient dispositions and demeanor and accommodated new ones (Document H). With a natural barrier (the ocean) between Great Britain and America, colonist started to think of the colonies as a separate nation (Document B). The ocean caused the colonist to believe that they were separated from the mother land for a reason (Document B). They believed that the ocean was there to prevent the colonies from blending with Great Britain (Document B).Since colonists were separated from Great Britain they considered having their own congress (Document D). The colonist would rather have three thousand people who is living near them and who can see the problems they are facing govern them rather than have one person govern them that isn’t there and doesn’t know what’s going on in the area the colonist are located at (Document D). Another act of identity is show in 1774 and 1775 (Document G). During those years Boston wasn’t relying on Great Britain to provide them with donations of goods, such as food, animals, or money (Document G).This illustrates that the colonies don’t need to confide on Great Britain and they can depend on the other colonies alternatively. Throughout these events it is evident that the colonists are displaying a sense of identity. Before the revolution, the colonist displayed many acts of unity. In 1754, a picture of a cut up snake was posted in the Pennsylvania Gazette (Document A). Benjamin Franklin once said, â€Å"If not united to form a whole snake, then the snake cannot survive†. The picture displayed that if the colonies do not come together as one united nation, it is possible that the different colonies could perish (Document A).This picture could have motivated the colonies to act as one nation. In 1774, it was said that a very small corrupted Junto, a self appointed committee in New York acknowledged the idea that all of North America was united (Document C). The Junto also acknowledged that North America was determined to defend their rights and liberties endlessly against Great Britain (Document C). On July 6, 1775, the representatives of the United Colonies of North America met in Congress at Philadelphia to talk about going to war (Document E).Colonists were daring to start reb ellions and resist their authority to preserve their liberties (Document E). The representatives were under the impression that all the colonist had the same state of mind. They thought that they would rather die as freemen rather than like slaves (Document E). Another unifying act of the colonies was when many of the colonies donated food, animals, money, and etc to Boston in 1774 and 1775 (Document G). The colonies donated goods due to the Intolerable Acts, when the British closed the Boston ports.This illustrates that the colonist were willing to come and work together to help other colonies in need. Throughout these events it is evident that the colonists are displaying a sense of unity. Throughout history there has been many acts of Americans developing a sense of identity and unifying as one nation. Americans were very devoted to making sure they were not taken advantage of by Great Britain. Although Americans had to fight for their independence and their liberties they were a ble to push and break free from the British Empire.

History of Circle Essay

The word â€Å"circle† derives from the Greek, kirkos â€Å"a circle,† from the base ker- which means to turn or bend. The origins of the words â€Å"circus† and â€Å"circuit† are closely related. The circle has been known since before the beginning of recorded history. Natural circles would have been observed, such as the Moon, Sun, and a short plant stalk blowing in the wind on sand, which forms a circle shape in the sand. The circle is the basis for the wheel, which, with related inventions such as gears, makes much of modern civilization possible. In mathematics, the study of the circle has helped inspire the development of geometry, astronomy, and calculus. Early science, particularly geometry and astrology and astronomy, was connected to the divine for most medieval scholars, and many believed that there was something intrinsically â€Å"divine† or â€Å"perfect† that could be found in circles. The compass in this 13th century manuscript is a symbol of God’s act ofCreation. Notice also the circular shape of the halo| Circles on an old astronomy drawing| Some highlights in the history of the circle are: * 1700 BC – The Rhind papyrus gives a method to find the area of a circular field. The result corresponds to 256/81 (3.16049†¦) as an approximate value of Ï€. * 300 BC – Book 3 of Euclid’s Elements deals with the properties of circles. * In Plato’s Seventh Letter there is a detailed definition and explanation of the circle. Plato explains the perfect circle, and how it is different from any drawing, words, definition or explanation. * 1880 – Lindemann proves that Ï€ is transcendental, effectively settling the millennia-old problem of squaring the circle.

Monroe Clock Company

Assignment #1 The problem that is brought to our attention would be an argument between Monroe Company executives. Jim, the Ceo, believes that the product should use plant wide manufacturing overhead, which brings the retail sale of the product to $29. 40/per unit. Meanwhile frank, the Sale Manager, believes the product should not absorb the entire manufacturing overhead and be based off the variable cost it incurs and sold at $16. 00/per unit.The issue occurs when deciding whether to choose between variable costing, not including fixed cost, which is usually acceptable on small orders, or choosing absorption costing which includes a portion of the fixed costs. Of course choosing between the two different costing approaches makes a big difference in this case. One keeps the product above market price while the other cuts the competitors prices by 20%. With out thinking you would go with cutting competitors prices and still gaining sales.What to keep in mind is using the variable cost ing approach you aren’t accounting for the manufacturing overhead that the new timer is incurring. It is possible that the new timer isn’t incurring much overhead considering it is simply a new addition to the old timer. The modifications to create the new addition are simple and at low cost because the resources are already there. They did not have to create or purchase a new warehouse because they already had recently purchased one and were going to use it regardless.Other than the initial set up cost of approximately $20000 for tables, lighting and small tools, the other overhead cost would already be accounted for and the new incurred overhead cost would not go beyond the relevant range of fixed cost.. One thing not accounted for in the calculations is the location of the new warehouse. There will clearly be transportation cost because one warehouse is in Texas and the other in Pennsylvania.Of course we don’t know which warehouse will be used but still a cos t to consider. With the new timer absorbing the full manufacturing overhead cost it would of course increase the price of the product almost doubling it but does not run the risk of creating a product that actually has them loosing money in the long run. The variable costing approach of course will create sales and revenue in the short run but in the long run can possibly create losses by not accounting for all the cost actually incurred.My conclusion (due to space restriction) would be to use the variable costing approach due to everything mentioned and one more determining factor. The forecasted sales projection is 50 000 units. At this production level advertising would be $50 000 regardless of how many units they sale. By using the cheaper pricing you are creating a better chance of you getting those sales and after you sell a unit past 50 000 you will be creating more profit because the budget of sales, which is $1. 00 per unit, would be divided among more units.

Knowledge management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Knowledge management - Essay Example With the strategic partnership relationship both parties benefit as they work collectively to move both parties forward. DaimlerChrysler have several of these relationships. When technology renders training then the outside partner will provide an instructor to come facilitate training and introduce the employee to the new technology. To ensure the efficiency is accurate, the trainer will provide DaimlerChrysler with post workshop facilitator that on stand by for further assistance Even though DaimlerChrysler have strategic partner relationships, most of their business relationships could fit in the vendor/vendee category. With the vendor/vendee category, one party typically utilizes another business services for the advancement of their organization. This is typically the category DaimlerChrysler fits in. In the global economy, with the usage of technology, a corporation that utilize this service can now utilize a vendee in any location around the world. DaimlerChrysler is a competitive corporation and is competing in the fierce automotive market. Staff is trained when new technologies are used typically in workshops where information can be given and questions can be asked. The workshops are as needed and are thorough with itinerary is given to reference as needed. The workshops are directed by experts in the field and are rotated between employees that need to know the information. The training allows the employee to communicate, order and exchange information from local vendee and vendee abroad. In this new technological era, business relationships are no longer on a local scale. Business has taken their relationships abroad and now conduct business on international levels. DaimlerChrysler have strategic business relations as well as vendor/vendee relationships with other companies. When technology evolves and training must be given to employees, DaimlerChrysler have workshops and post-training instructors ready to

Exploring Research Relationships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Exploring Research Relationships - Essay Example It is posited here that answers to the proposed research questions, will enable special event firms to ascertain if there is a positive relationship between their business successes and the service quality they proffer. This analysis can also help identify the negative gaps in service quality from expected levels as well as determine as to which SERVQUAL dimensions are critical in determining the level of success this type of company will experience in the marketplace. Parasuraman, Zeithaml & Berry (1985) illustratively explain the arrival of gap in service quality through the use of 10 dimensional model. The final research will benefit industry firms by providing revealing information on the linkage between service quality and business success in the entertainment industry. Relationships from Literature Review Axelrod (1991) describes in relation to referral marketing that a firm should be consistent in continuing its marketing. The firm should also not behave in an opportunistic manner in calling customers only when it intends to obtain referrals. This is defined under the important construct of integrity. Consistency in marketing is likely to be causally important for a special event firm as it is likely dissipate substantially expectations of service quality through advanced and structured information to the market. While temporal precedence viz that the cause happened before effect could be reckoned from one observational cycle and some kind of co variation of the cause and effect was also observed however, since the concept of consistency in marketing covered several underlying factors; the internal validity was not maintainable (Trochim, 2006).Hence it would be far better to consider this construct in descriptive form.... Exploring Research Relationships The literature has been specifically reviewed to establish and identify internal and external validity issues relevant to the research topic. The paper ends with description of the nature of the relationships that would be finally assumed in subsequent dissertation on the research topic. As has been stated in the introductory paragraph, this research utilizes the 1991 SERVQUAL instrument to measure service quality performance vis a vis customer service quality needs in the marketplace. The SERVQUAL instrument helps diagnose service quality problems (Berry, Zeithaml, & Parasuraman, 1990).See Bruner, James, & Hensel (2001) for an updated description of SERVQUAL. The data going through this instrument is expected to effectively answer the research questions by addressing both the null and alternative hypothesis statements, formed for the purpose. The more specific intent of this research is to establish a predictive relationship between SERVQUAL survey results and the success of a special event firm in any major city within the United States. The primary constructs identified are: reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, tangibles, and business success. Thus this enveloping construct could be identified as customer oriented corporate culture. It may be observed that almost all of the primary constructs identified for the research in hand viz. reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, tangibles go on to define some kind of customer oriented corporate culture. It is considered preferable to examine the impacts of these constructs on a stand alone basis rather than lump them in one construct.

Game Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Game Theory - Essay Example 2 threatens to play q if the player 1 gives 2 the move; this may be bad for the player 1 so he decides to play W, but also would be bad for player 2. Now, given the opportunity to move, player 2 will prefer to play 1 since it is the remaining Nash equilibrium. One has to bear in mind the tree diagram of probability when handling game perfect equilibrium theory. In game 1, the correct sub-game starts at player2’s decision join; the condition that 2’s choices are Nash equilibrium strategy lowers or reduces the prerequisite that 2 takes the action that yields in the highest induce, thus, player 2 must play 1; these deductions are only possible because there exist a finite extensive form of the game, therefore exists a sub-game perfect Nash equilibrium. In addition, the Nash sub perfect game equilibrium can be jointed to for the tree diagram of probabilities (McCain 55). A different problem with sub-game excellence is that of the concept is not in an alternative unnecessary changing of the game tree. For instance, a tree diagram that has the same form as that of normal form as game 2 but has sub-game completeness (McCain 56). When manipulating for equilibrium in zero, some game will not take into account of the challenger playoff; this is because the opponents are implicit known, they are ever diametric. On the other hand, in non-zero games, one has to put in mind opponents playoff. These will always yield different outcomes. A relevant example is that of innovation of Blu-ray by Toshiba and Sony companies, if both companies goes for the same innovation, the results may be more convenient for only than Toshiba, but if the two companies don’t involve in the same kind of coordination (if only has a greater probability or chance of winning in the innovation ). The game in comparison is Blu-ray for Sony to that of Toshiba, now, if the two companies happen to pick option, then Sony will have a big pay off compared to Toshiba. Consequently, if Toshib a Company reconsiders to the option of HD DVD will leave the Sony Company with a play of o. this will be considered as that playoff 1 for selection of Blu-ray. However, (HD DVD, HD DVD) is another strategic equilibrium. The game theories will term these as pure strategy equilibrium in non-zero game of Nash equilibrium (McCain 78). The co-ordination between the companies will bear some common problems in the scope of business and innovations. Although it is better to understand that solutions reached is as a result of Nash equilibrium; solutions obtained are of the beneficiary to the companies; Sony and Toshiba. Therefore, it important to understand the mixed strategy of Nash equilibrium; this case will put the guiding principle to base on any of the player or company this means that the mixed equilibrium must yield some payoff outcomes (McCain 123). For instance, if we take the mixed strategy for Sony company to be y for choosing Blu-ray and (1-y) for Toshiba company for choosing HD DVD, we can use Toshiba’s payoff to manipulate the values for HD DVD and Blu-ray, these will yield two outcomes as follows; If Toshiba company chooses Blu-ray if Toshiba company goes for HD DVD (1-y)*(y+0)*1 =0*(1-y)*(y+4) y =4-4*y y*5 =4 y =4D5 In this example, Sony’s strategy is to an unsystematic choosing of Blu-ray is (4/5) and the same time (1/5) to that of HD DVD. Now, there will be a mixed strategy of (x, 1-x) of

Capacity Planning and Financial Appraisal Essay

Capacity Planning and Financial Appraisal - Essay Example 3. The utilization of the workcentres is assumed to be 100%. This assumption ignores any machine downtime for various reasons such as breakdown, power failure, lack of materials or labour, and planned maintenance. (Vorne industries, 2008) However, the actual number of machines planned for procurement is higher than the calculated number by a substantial amount in the case of each type of workcentre. This has occurred partly due to rounding off of fractional requirements. Where the rounding off involved marginal increases, as in the case of Workcentres A and C, the rounding off has been carried over to the next higher figure. Because of this, there is enough in-built cushion in the calculated figure to take care of lower utilization. 4. Interference or waiting times have been assumed to be zero. Interference and waiting times can arise because of unbalanced line in which some of the machines have less capacity than others causing a pile up at these centres. Waiting times can also occur when disparate products are being scheduled one at a time, and the schedules fail to take care of piling of jobs at the same time at a workcentre, causing some of the parts/products to wait. In the present case, there is a continuous production of five different products with the same processing times. Although this could lead to scheduling problems because of changeover from one product to another, in this particular case, it is unlikely to happen because all products take the same time to process. Moreover, there is sufficient cushion available in the capacities due to rounding off, to take care of any waiting time. The financial viability of the new plant is to be checked using the IRR method. The Operations Director (OD) has set a criterion for selection of projects based on the IRR of the project. According to this criterion, projects having an IRR of more than 30% are to be

Talk about Electrical Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Talk about Electrical Engineering - Essay Example For example, advances in electronics engineering, a subfield of electrical engineering has led to  the development of more advanced communication devices such as mobile phones and automated machines used in the industries. The work revolves around research, development, installation and monitoring of various electrical engineering devices and equipment. In the recent past, technological breakthrough in material science field has led leading to the establishment of solid-state transistors, thus propelling the field into greater heights. Additionally, radio and laser technology, which has found numerous applications, have led to significant development in the production of various electrical devices and equipment (Markoff, 2012). Electrical engineering degree courses usually run for five years in many universities across the globe. The same principles are taught in the various subfield with emphasis on specific concepts bringing forth the difference. Once graduated, individual are registered under certified unions, which usually air their views and assist them in fighting for their right, s in case they are violated. On the other hand, registered professionals are bound to abide to the codes of ethics, failure to which, they may be expelled or suspended which would consequently affect their jobs and work environment. Markoff, J. (Feb 20, 2012). Engineers Take Aim at a Barrier in LED Technology. The New York Times. Retrieved on Nov 27, 2012 from

Bulimia Nervosa Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bulimia Nervosa - Thesis Example People with bulimia nervosa are preoccupied by their body shape and weight. Their appreciation for food causes them to binge, but their guilt afterwards causes them to purge or turn to over exercising to make up for their binge. It is highly believed that bulimia nervosa contains psychopathological signs in its development processes in a person, meaning that mental illness and distress might play a role in the development of bulimia nervosa. Indeed, there is a correlation between people with bulimia nervosa and borderline personality disorder (Cooper, 2003). The characteristics of borderline personality bring about depression in people, as well as unstable self-image, identity, and behavior. The individual’s sense of self is also negatively affected. All of these aforementioned symptoms of borderline personality bring about negative emotions in regard to an individual’s self-image. They become uncomfortable being in their own skin, finding something wrong whenever they are presented with the opportunity. When a person develops a mental illness that causes them to reconsider their self-image and reevaluate their sense of self, other disorders can begin to be developed, especially those relating to their self-image. If an individual feels negatively about how they look, they tend to implement means that can make them feel better about themselves. Even if they remain unpleased about how they appear to themselves, they still feel better about the fact that they are at least trying to compensate for the damage that they believe they are doing to themselves. The symptoms that accompany bulimia nervosa are similar to those found in borderline personality disorder. The possibility of developing an eating disorder is also a symptom of borderline personality, displaying that the two disorders can go hand-in-hand with one another. Other mental illnesses that can be connected to bulimia nervosa are multiple personality disorder and

Mobile Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mobile Technology - Essay Example Smart phones such as the iPhone do not support SIM cards that have not been activated for the specific phone as at the time of its acquisition, and this implies that it is often impossible to share the phone with any other person who has not registered the SIM card with the phone. The buyers of this smart phone are also restricted by some limitations slapped on them by the manufacturers, which unnecessarily bind them on how they operate the phones. For example Apple users are required to subscribe to them for two years and. Moreover, the iPhone lacks applications that can be applied by third parties or what is usually known as third-party applications as it only has web-based applications. This makes it difficult for parties to install the applications on their own. The power requirements of smart phones are also higher as compared to other conventional phones in the data market. The extra power requirement translates to large batteries which are bulky for the phones thus shorter per iods of usage and also added expenses on electricity bill.The sustained use of smart phones has been found to be the major cause of eye strain to individuals especially teenagers. The daily use of mobile technology gadgets such as the smart phones and e-readers causes the muscles in the eyes to tighten up and dry. The cause of this is because smart phones have smaller screens as compared to other devices like laptops and thus have smaller sizes of font leading to squinting in order to get the best view of what is written on the screen of the phone. The other cause of eye strains is failure by the users of the mobile technology to adopt the recommended screen distance when using the mobile devices making the eyes to work harder than it should leading to the strain. In addition, as already stated at the introduction, the major challenge on the use of smart phones is the lack of security of data and privacy in their use. This stems from the fact that smart phones can easily be compromised through attacks from the internet that may come in the form of viruses, worms and Trojans (Newman 29). This infection may also come from compromised personal computers at the time of synchronizing data while other forms can infect similar phones through Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN). Smart phones that have been attacked become sources of malicious attacks to the telecommunication sectors, for example, the smart phones can be used to manipulate smart phone zombies to send marketing or junk messages through short messaging as spams. The compromised phone spams free of any costs thus irritating owners who may not desire to receive such messages (Miller 228). Furthermore, mobile phone technology has been used to steal identities or conduct what is usually known as spoofing. Identity theft through smart phones is easy as once a smart phone has been compromised, the attacker uses the owner’s identity to conduct any activity in the stolen name or identity. An attacker who has stolen the identity of a smart phone owner can use Voice-Over-Internet Protocol from the internet and make use of a smart phone zombie to pretend to be the owner of the calls made. Additionally, smart phones have also been used for remote wiretapping where a smart phone zombie records the conversation of the real owner and report to those that are spying on the actual

Educational relevance of Vygotsky's theory Essay

Educational relevance of Vygotsky's theory - Essay Example The main idea in Vygotskys theory is his principle that biological and cultural development does not take place in isolation. Vygotsky held that development is a procedure that has to be examined, instead of a product to be attained (Social Development Theory, No date). This theory acknowledged that individuals learn through social interactions and their culture. They gain knowledge through dialogues in which individuals socially interact and communicate with others to discover the cultural values of the society. Vygotsky also believed that human activities take place in cultural settings and cannot be understood separately from these settings (Woolfolk, 2004). The second belief in Vygotsky’s perspective is that all superior mental functions begin in social activity, that is, the real formation of relations among humans. Development entails mental processes initially on the social level, among individuals, and after that on the individual basis, within the child. Thus, through these social interactions, an individual moves in the direction of more individualized thought process. The co-constructed progression consists of individuals interacting through common activities, typically to resolve a problem. When the child gets assistance through this process, he or she may be able to use enhanced strategies in the future, should a similar difficulty occur. The co-constructed dialogues directs to internalization, which then results in independent though process (Social Development Theory, No date). The development of language is considered to be the chief aspect of Vygotskys sociocultural theory. The language of a certain group of people signifies their cultural beliefs and value system. This suggests that children learn language in a similar fashion as learning of cognitive skills. Vygotsky affirms that individuals might have fabricated prejudices, regulations, and restrictions about language that limit the amount of possibilities

Financial Accounting Standards Board Essay Example for Free

Financial Accounting Standards Board Essay Runway Discount (Runway), a privately held online retailer, has implemented a new customer referral marketing campaign. The campaign involves incentivizing current customers to refer their friends to Runway’s website. When a current customer refers someone who makes a purchase on Runway’s website, the referring customer receives a $25 credit to be applied to a future purchase. Two important provisions should be highlighted regarding this â€Å"Refer-a-Friend† program: The $25 credit is contingent upon the existing customer’s referral actually making a purchase The $25 credit is applied to the referring customer’s future purchase at the time that the referred customer makes a purchase The business purpose of this Refer-a-Friend program is to increase sales and expand Runway’s customer base by providing incentives for current customers to refer their friends. The first accounting issue associated with Runway Discount’s Refer-a-Friend program is identifying how the $25 referral credit should be recorded in Runway’s income statement. Is this consideration an adjustment of the selling prices of the vendor’s products or services, and therefore characterized as a reduction of revenue, or is it a cost incurred by the vendor for assets and services received from the customer, and therefore characterized as a cost or expense? The next significant accounting issue is regarding when Runway should record the $25 referral credit as a liability: (a) at the time an existing customer receives the $25 referral credit, or (b) at the time the existing customer actually uses the $25 referral credit to make a purchase? In the following sections, we will discuss the possible accounting treatments under U.S GAAP and IFRS, which relate to these accounting issues facing Runway Discount. Relevant examples will be provided of businesses that offer similar referral incentive programs. We will conclude with our recommendation of how Runway Discount should account for the referral credits it issues relating to its Refer-a-Friend program. Applicable Authoritative Literature FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 605-50, Revenue Recognition IASC International Accounting Standards (IAS) 18, Revenue Recognition View as multi-pages

Classical Theory Pertains To Crime Prevention

Classical Theory Pertains To Crime Prevention The classical school of criminology is a group of thinkers of crime and punishment in the 18th century. The most prominent members, such as Cesare Beccaria, shared the idea that criminal behavior could be understood and controlled. The classical theory insisted that individuals are rational beings who pursue their own interests, trying to maximize their pleasure and minimize their pain. The following manuscript will cover three key concepts the origins of classical thought, popular forerunner of classical thought, Cesare Beccaria, and how the classical theory pertains to crime prevention. Lastly, the educational material will show that crime is caused by natural forces and the absence of effective punishment allows it to continue. With clearly defined laws, public punishment, and the elimination of judicial discretion crime can be prevented by deterrence. Crimes and Punishment: How the Classical Theory Pertains to Crime Prevention Criminology has six theoretical developments in its discipline. This essay will look into the classical school theory. The classical school of criminology has many parts such as the major principles of the classical school, forerunners of classical thought, and policy implications of the classical school. First, I will define classical theory as well as summarize the origins of classical thought. Next, I will explore one of the most popular forerunners of classical thought, Cesare Beccaria. Lastly, I will discuss how the classical theory pertains to crime prevention as well as how deterrence plays apart. Literature Review To properly compose a manuscript on how the classical theory pertains to crime prevention, classical theorist Beccarias work had to be examined. Many of the reforms that occurred in the 18th century can be ascribed to Beccaria (Newman Marongiu, 1990). Beccaria (1983), discussed that the more promptly the punishment follows the crime the more useful it will be. Martin, Mutchnick, and Austin (1990), states that the classical and neoclassical thought represents more a philosophy of justice than it does a theory of crime causation. Cohen and Felson (1979), suggested that lifestyles contribute significantly to both the volume and the type of crime found in any society. Thus, Reed and Yeager (1996), examined Gottfredson and Hirshis theory of crime, with particular respect to its applicability to organizational offending. Moriarty and Williams (1996), discussed the individual choice and a relative disregard for the role of social factors in crime causation, such as poverty, poor home environment, and inadequate socialization. Rational choice theory seems to assume that everyone is equally capable of making a rational decision; however, it depends on the personality of the individual (Tunnell, 1990). In dealing with punishment and how it deters crime it was necessary to look at studies. Although one might expect study results to show that the death penalty deters crime; however, it was found that the rates of murder committed between states that have eliminated the death penalty and those that retain it had little variation (Bailey, 1979). Sitze (2009), discusses how capital punishment presents a problem for the philosophy of law. Also, Sitze expands on Beccaria thought of how the death penalty is bad economy of power. Discussion Classical Theory The classical theory dominated crime theory during the late 1700s and the 1800s. The essential ideas of classical theory include individuals are rational beings who pursue their own interest, trying to maximize their pleasure and minimize their pain. Unless they are deterred by the threat of swift, certain, and appropriately severe punishments, they may commit crimes in their pursuit of self-interest (Martinetal, 1990). Classical theory argues that crime is caused by natural forces or forces of this world, such as the absence of effective punishments. Classical theory was developed in reaction to the harsh, corrupt, and often arbitrary nature of the legal system in the 1700s (Vold et al., 2002). Classical theorists were mainly interested in critiquing this system and offering proposals for its reform, but embedded in their arguments is a theory of criminal behavior. The circumstances of some individuals, then, may lead them to evaluate the potential pains of punishment and pleasures of crime differently than other individuals. Poor people, for example, may be less deterred by the pains of punishment and more attracted by the pleasures of crime (Beccaria, 1983). Classical theory assumes that people are rational and engage in crime to minimize their pain and maximize their pleasure. Some criminologists, however, argue that many offenders are not rational and that crime is not in their self-interest. Rather, they engage in crime because of forces beyond their control and they often suffer greatly because of their behavior (Vold et al., 2002). Classical theorists state that whether people engage in crime is largely dependent on the swiftness, certainty, and appropriateness of the punishments they face. Cesare Beccaria Cesare Beccaria was an 18th century Italian nobleman and economist. Beccaria was considered to most the father of Criminology. Because of Beccarias work he was the most important figure head of what is known as the Classical Theory. The 18th century was times in history were severe and often extreme punishment was enforced for crimes committed. During such a time in history Beccaria offered the theory of utility. Beccaria examined the causes of delinquent and criminal behavior, and by doing so was able to scientifically determine what causes such deviant behavior. Beccaria rejected the theories of the European Enlightenment which characterized the deviant behavior under the theories of naturalism and even demonology. Beccaria wanted to pass on the philosophy of the Age of Enlightenment, by doing so these new theories passed on rationalism and humanitarianism (Martin et al., 1990). Beccaria set out to make punishment for committing crimes rational. He believed that there should be a hierarchy of punishment a scale determining what punishments is suitable for the behavior and/or intent. The scale of punishment would have set punishments for repeat offenders as well as for the more serious crimes. This would change how the death penalty was imposed. The scale of punishment, Beccaria was working on, would only impose the death penalty depending on the severity of the crime and not the act or acts of committing or involvement. Beccaria also believed that judges had to broad of discretion on which punishment to impose on what act of deviant behavior. Therefore, Beccaria favored specific punishments fitting each crime. He published an historic piece, An Essay on Crimes and Punishment, in 1764, to communicate his observations on the laws and justice system of his time. In the Essay, Beccaria distilled the notion of the social contract into the idea that laws are the c onditions under which independent and isolated men united to form a society. (Beccaria, 1983) Crime Preventions and Deterrence Deterrence theory most fully reflects the ideas of classical theory. Deterrence theorists argue that people are rational and pursue their own interests, attempting to maximize their pleasure and minimize their pain. They choose to engage in crime if they believe it is to their advantage. The best way to prevent crime, therefore, is through punishments that are swift, certain, and appropriately severe. Deterrence theorists, like classical theorists, focus primarily on the impact of official punishments on crime. Deterrence occurs when someone refrains from committing a crime because he or she fears the certainty, swiftness, and/or severity of formal legal punishment (Paternoster Bachman, 2001). Deterrence theory makes a distinction between two types of deterrence; specific and general. Specific deterrence refers to the idea that punishment reduces the crime of those specific people who are punished. So, punishing someone for a crime should reduce the likelihood of further crime by that person. Studies on general deterrence ask whether punishment deters crime among people in the general population. It has been argued that punishment may deter crime among those who are not punished. Therefore, deterrence through punishment is an effective way to prevent crime (Paternoster Piquero, 1995). Conclusion Throughout the essay classical theory, Cesare Beccaria, and deterrence has been explored in relation with one another. The manuscript disclosed that individuals are rational beings who pursue their own interests, trying to maximize their pleasure and minimize their pain. Classical theorist Cesare Beccaria determined that if the justice system reformed such as using rational penalties for crimes committed then such behavior could be deterred. The deterrence theory proved that people do refrain from committing crimes because of the fear of punishment. Therefore, the deterrence theory most fully reflects the ideas of classical theory.

Difference Between Role of Treasurer and Controller

Difference Between Role of Treasurer and Controller Difference between Role of treasurer and controller with respect to Financial Corporate Governance Organization Chart of the Financial Management The chief finance executive works directly under the president or the managing director of the company. Besides routine network, the person in charge keeps the Board of Directors informed about all the phases of business activity, including economics, social and political developments affecting the business behavior. He also furnishes information about the financial status of the company by reviewing it from time to time. The chief finance executive may have many officers under him to carry out his function. Broadly his functions are divided into two types: Treasury function Control functions An illustrative organization chart of finance function of management in a big organization is shown below: Organization of the Financial Management Function Role of Treasurer The main role of Treasurer is that he refers to the financial officer and then looks at the task of financing and its related activities. Treasury always deals with liquid assets and so the main role of treasurer is to look at the cash and its other liquid assets. Some important tasks of Treasurer are as follows: He formulate the whole capital structure of the organization in accordance to goals of the organization and then to implement it to the organization. He also manages the amount of liquid assets and all type of cash. He basically acts as a cashier. He plays the role of an authority signatory on payment cheques including the authority to approve such cheques. Reconciliation in bank accounts. He manages the overall credit function of the firm. He also has the authority to utilize the surplus cash of the company whenever there is any type of short term beneficial investments. He also makes the companies policies according to decision on trade discounts and vendor payment. He also maintains relationships with bankers and vendors. All of the above mentioned functions of treasurer are implemented with the help of cash manger, finance manager and credit manager. Role of controller As we have already seen that the treasurer deals with liquid assets, the controller of the organization has to record the transactions of these liquid assets. It is the combined and effective working of both the departments that give rise to an effective system of internal controls. Controller is a financial officer responsible for accounting and control. He does the following functions: Records all the transactions in the general ledger, the accounts receivables and the accounts payables, sub-ledger, transaction with respect to fixed assets such as depreciation, inventory control, etc. He looks into the aspects of taxes and insurance. He also keeps track of companys short term investments by recording and reconciling the transaction with those of the brokerage firms. He carefully looks into the regulatory aspects and implementation of the companys policy on trade discounts and recievables aging. He always acts as the planning director. He keeps a record of the attendance of the employees, their movement timings so as to facilitate in preparing the payroll. He reports information to the management. The office bearer who assists the controller in accomplishing the above tasks is: tax manager, data processing manager, cost accounting manager and accounting manager. Thus the functions of financial accounting, internal audit, taxation, management accountings and control, budget-planning and control are accomplished in this manner. Controllers and Treasurers functions in the Indian Context The controller and the treasurer are essentially American terms. Basically the American pattern of dividing the financial executives functions is not being widely followed in India. We do have a number of copies having officers with the designation of the controller. The controller or the financial controller in India, by and large performs the function of a chief accountant or management accountant. The officer with the title of treasurer can also be found in a few companies in India. The controllership functions can prove to be useful under the Indian context, but presently some of these duties are performed by the company secretary in India. His duties, for example includes asset control and protection, maintaining records and preparing reports and government reporting. The economic appraisal function is generally performed at the top level in India. Some other functions, such as internal audit, can be brought within the fold of the controllership functions, if this concept is developed in the Indian context. It should be realized that the financial controller does not control finances; he or she develops, uses and interpret information- some of which will be financial for management control and planning. For this reason, the financial controller may simply be called as controller. Management of finance or money is a separate and important activity. Traditionally, the accountants have been involved in managing money in India. But the difference in managing money resources should be appreciated. In the American business, the management of finance is treated as a separate activity and is being performed by the treasurer. The title of treasurer has not found favor in India to the extent the controller has. Some of the functions performed by the treasurer in the American context are again discharged by the company secretary in India. Insurance coverage is an example in this regard. The function of maintaining relations with investors may now assume significance in India because of the development in the Indian capital markets and the increasing awareness among investors. The general title, financial manager, seems to more popular in India. This title is also better than the title of treasurer since it conveys the functions involved. The main function of the financial manager in India should be the managements of companys funds. The financial duties may often be combined with others. But the significance of not combining the financial managers duties with others should be realized. The managing of funds- a very valuable resource- is a business activity requiring extraordinary skill on the part of financial manager. He should ensure the optimum use of money under various constraints. He should, therefore be allowed to devote his full energy and time in managing the money resources only. Functions of Treasurer and the Controller CASE STUDY The role of the corporate treasurers has changed from a traditional one of securing funds and managing financial risk to a strategic one of driving overall business initiatives. In this new role, treasures have the prime responsibility of advocating better corporate governance principles in the company, both as a means to improve the shareholder value and to enhance investor confidence. This has become very important because the corporate governance practices of the companies are being placed under heavy scrutiny from the regulators and investors following revelations of corporate malfeasance, deception and fraud. This article discusses the role of the treasurers in building a sound governance structure in the companies. Description The debacle in Satyam Computers Limited, Indias fourth largest software company, has brought the issue of corporate governance in limelight more particularly in India. It is however unfortunate that such important issues gain prominence only after incidents of corporate frauds. The issue of corporate governance was earlier debated when the developments at Enron and WorldCom rocked the world. As India is on a growth trajectory and is having ambitions of being ranked in the counters of the developed economies, the issue of corporate governance only being surfaced after the Satyam scam is a grave concern. We may claim that the Satyam scam is an isolated case in corporate India, but it is more important to see how the rest of world assesses our seriousness towards the ethics of corporate governance. Do we take the ethics of corporate governance seriously and deeply and drift it away from its ornamental value to run an enterprise towards the principal goal for which the corporate governance term was coined? Largely the practice is to decorate the board, which is at the helm of affairs of corporate governance, with people whom the promoters of the company believe will add some ornamental value to the enterprise. Many a times the promoters induct known people onto the board. Having said that companies prefer the decorative value of the board over its usefulness. Thus one can ea sily conclude that the Satyam fiasco is nothing but a true reflection of what routinely and pervasively passes for corporate governance. The role of treasurer is crucial to todays business especially in ensuring that the company has the cash that it needs to operate the business, adequate risk management systems are in place and finally ensuring that the company complies with the various international standards. The treasurer and cash have a consanguineous relationship and the recent fiasco of Satyam Computers reveals a story of siphoning the cash from the companys balance sheet which puts the role of the treasurer or CFO nothing but on dubious distinction. By the mere definition of a treasurer one understands that wherever there is cash in the company, the treasurer has to be present there. Though the Satyam fraud appears to be a systemic fraud by the senior management, nevertheless such frauds can be mitigated to some extent if corporate governance is compiled by the treasurer. In such a scenario it becomes altogether more important for corporate treasurers to revisit the basics of corporate governance and their rol e in inculcating the principles of corporate governance in a company. This article highlights and revisits the role played by the treasurers or CFO in the compliance of corporate governance. Treasurer in Detail The Treasurers role is the second most important function on the Board after that of the Chair. Financial accountability is fundamental to not-for-profit organisations. If your members have no confidence in your ability to control and account for finances, they will have no confidence in the organisation as a whole. The Treasurer may find a reluctance amongst non-financially trained board members to take any responsibility for finance. As a Board or governing committee however, the group as a whole has to share responsibility and decision-making and it will therefore be an important part of the Treasurers role to ensure that others understand the information that is being presented and the implications thereof. It is particularly important that the Treasurer attends meetings regularly in order that others can ask questions and be sure that they have a full understanding of the associations financial position. Purpose To manage and report on the associations finances. Responsibilities To carry out the responsibilities of a member of the Board of Directors. To lead budget planning and preparations. To monitor the budget and inform the Board as to whether projections are turning out as predicted in order that joint decisions can be made on appropriate adjustments. To ensure the Boards financial policies are being followed. To report to the Board of Directors and the general membership on finances. To prepare any required financial reporting forms. To ensure tax regulations are complied with VAT. To manage and maintain bank accounts, ensuring the association is getting the best rate of return for funds held and moving money between accounts as To oversee all financial transactions. To sign cheques (with a second signatory from the Board or staff). To chair finance sub-committee, if one exists. TREASURER WORKING WITH A BOOKKEEPER. Most treasures do not have bookkeeping expertise, and they need not and ideally should not spend their time on day-to-day financial administration. Wherever possible, a suitably experienced/qualified paid (or volunteer) bookkeeper should be responsible for banking, for processing payments, for keeping full and accurate accounts of all receipts and expenditure and for producing financial reports. This leaves the Treasurers time for the more strategic and managerial aspects of the role, in particular budgeting and planning. The Treasurer does however need to monitor the work of the bookkeeper as ultimate responsibility for the accuracy of records lies with his or her role. If your association needs to submit formal annual statements to tax or other government authorities, these may be prepared by your bookkeeper or by external accountants. Requirements will vary in different countries. In the UK, all limited companies must have their final accounts prepared by a chartered accountant. Becoming a Good Treasurer A treasurer does not have to study accounting or business in order to do well at this position. A good treasurer will be characterized by the following traits: 1.  Honesty and Integrity:  As treasurer you are not given free liberty to do whatever you like. Rather, you are accountable to God, the fellowship and the committee. Therefore, perform your task properly and professionally. 2.  Carefulness:  This characteristic will help you maintain accurate and up-to-date records. Be careful to record all transactions. Be careful when handling money because ultimately this money belongs to God. 3.  Common sense:  Common sense is necessary in order to catch errors early. 4.  Open books:  It is good to maintain an open book policy concerning financial matters. Any member of the fellowship, after consultation with the committee, should be able to see the financial state of the fellowship. This will help build accountability and credibility for the entire fellowship. 5.  Watchful eye:  The treasurer needs to be vigilant in tracking income and expenses. These amounts should be compared with the current budget. 6.  Faithfulness to God:  Ultimately, the treasurer brings honor to God by the proper exercise of his/her task. Therefore, view your position of treasurer as a way to show your faithfulness to God. Heres an excellent maxim: Gods work done in Gods time will receive Gods provision. Controller Vs Treasurer While the term Controller is used differently in Sweden than in America, there is reason for a clear explanation of the differences between Controller and Treasurer. The fact that a Controller in Sweden has a broader role than the Controller in America can be explained largely by the function of the treasurer that has those duties overlapping those of the Swedish Controller. In large firms, the financial operations overseen by the CFO will split into two branches, with one headed by the treasurer and the other by the controller. The Controllers responsibility are primarily accounting in nature. Costs accounting as well as budgets and forecast concerning internal consumptions, lies within the area of the Controller. The treasurers responsibility fall into the decision areas most commonly associated with financial management, invest financing and asset management. The organization chart may give you false impression that a clear splits exists between controller and treasurer responsibilities. In a well-functioning firm, information will flow easily back and forth between both branches. In small firms the treasurer and controller functions may be combined into one position with a resulting commingling of activities. Traditionally the role of controller has been that of a number cruncher, computing financial data in order to prepare reports. The assignment associated with the controller role is in no way set in stone, different organizations have different duties attached to the Controller. The final statement where the controller should be seen as a long range developer of executives, hints at a prominent role when it comes to developing human resources within organizations. In order for the controllers department to become developers of accounting and operating executives they have to have an intimate relation to the personnel of the organization.

The British Colonies in the New World Essays -- United States History

The British Colonies in the New World Several historians often examine significant points in history in attempt to discover the reasons the events occurred. The aforementioned statement applies to the American Revolution as countless number of books has been written concerning the American colonies decision to declare independence from England. Woody Holton and Bernard Bailyn are two historians who have probed the subject and reached two separate decisions about the revolution. Focusing on the fears and threats the colonists felt, Bailyn identifies England as the threatening force against the colonists, while Holton gears towards those within the colonies. Before examining the two authors’ views, exploring the terms liberty and power are essential in comprehending the colonists’ fe...

Opposites Attract in Antony and Cleopatra Essay -- Antony Cleopatra Es

Opposites Attract in Antony and Cleopatra      Ã‚   William Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra is a play that is centred around a pair of historical lovers from two distinct cultures, Mark Antony from Rome and Queen Cleopatra from Egypt. The Roman and Egyptian cultures have vastly different norms and social ideas that are almost complete polar opposites in nature. These conflicting views are instrumental in the way that Cleopatra and Antony act. These two characters are so great in their respective societies that they serve as models to look to, although Antony may not be everybody's perfect vision of what a Roman should be. It is also important to look at not only what these two characters think of their cultures, but what cultural outsiders think as well. Through all of this, it will be shown how these primarily opposite cultures can function together, and bring together two of the most prominent lovers in all of Shakespeare, if not in all of recorded western history.    Cleopatra and Antony cannot be seen as average human beings. Never are they described in the same manner as Shakespeare would describe others in this play. "Each truly is all but everything in himself and herself, and knows it, and neither fears that he or she is really nothing in himself or herself, or nothing without the other" (Bloom, Modern Critical Interpretations 1). These two are magnificent and mighty characters, in very grand roles, both in this play and in history.    Antony, as one of the triumvirs, is much more than an individual Roman soldier. He is one of the three who hold the entire known world in a powerful authoritative grip. Antony, acknowledges the force and magnitude of his and Cleopatra's personalities when he sends a messa... ...rs, 1988. 109-35. Barton, Anne. "'Nature's Piece 'Gainst Fancy': The Divided Catastrophe in Antony and Cleopatra." Modern Critical Interpretations: William Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. 35-55. Bloom, Harold, ed. Introduction. Modern Critical Interpretations: William Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. ---. Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human. New York: Riverhead Books, 1998. Kittredge, George Lyman. Introduction. Antony and Cleopatra. By William Shakespeare. Waltham, MA: Blaisdell Publishing Company, 1966. Markels, Julian. The Pillar of the World: Antony and Cleopatra in Shakespeare's Development. Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 1968. Shakespeare, William. Antony and Cleopatra. Ed. John Wilders. London: Routledge, 1995.    Opposites Attract in Antony and Cleopatra Essay -- Antony Cleopatra Es Opposites Attract in Antony and Cleopatra      Ã‚   William Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra is a play that is centred around a pair of historical lovers from two distinct cultures, Mark Antony from Rome and Queen Cleopatra from Egypt. The Roman and Egyptian cultures have vastly different norms and social ideas that are almost complete polar opposites in nature. These conflicting views are instrumental in the way that Cleopatra and Antony act. These two characters are so great in their respective societies that they serve as models to look to, although Antony may not be everybody's perfect vision of what a Roman should be. It is also important to look at not only what these two characters think of their cultures, but what cultural outsiders think as well. Through all of this, it will be shown how these primarily opposite cultures can function together, and bring together two of the most prominent lovers in all of Shakespeare, if not in all of recorded western history.    Cleopatra and Antony cannot be seen as average human beings. Never are they described in the same manner as Shakespeare would describe others in this play. "Each truly is all but everything in himself and herself, and knows it, and neither fears that he or she is really nothing in himself or herself, or nothing without the other" (Bloom, Modern Critical Interpretations 1). These two are magnificent and mighty characters, in very grand roles, both in this play and in history.    Antony, as one of the triumvirs, is much more than an individual Roman soldier. He is one of the three who hold the entire known world in a powerful authoritative grip. Antony, acknowledges the force and magnitude of his and Cleopatra's personalities when he sends a messa... ...rs, 1988. 109-35. Barton, Anne. "'Nature's Piece 'Gainst Fancy': The Divided Catastrophe in Antony and Cleopatra." Modern Critical Interpretations: William Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. 35-55. Bloom, Harold, ed. Introduction. Modern Critical Interpretations: William Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. ---. Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human. New York: Riverhead Books, 1998. Kittredge, George Lyman. Introduction. Antony and Cleopatra. By William Shakespeare. Waltham, MA: Blaisdell Publishing Company, 1966. Markels, Julian. The Pillar of the World: Antony and Cleopatra in Shakespeare's Development. Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 1968. Shakespeare, William. Antony and Cleopatra. Ed. John Wilders. London: Routledge, 1995.   

A Day Worth Remembering

April 10, 2007 is a day I will never forget. It was the day I gave birth to my son. Beforehand, I thought it would all be a piece of cake, but to my surprise, it was far from that. On my way to a routine check-up, it seemed as if all I was able to think about was how bad my back hurt and that I could not wait to have this baby. I arrived at the doctor’s office and everything seemed to be running smoothly. I sat in the small, cramped room for what seemed like forever after the nurse had gotten my vitals.The doctor finally came into the room and asked me how I was feeling. I informed her that besides the fact that I was wobbling around and carrying an extra 30 pounds, I felt just fine. She then looked at me with a facial expression that had me thinking the worse. She informed me that my blood pressure was through the roof and that they would have to induce my labor. There I was, a first time mom about to go through something that I had never experienced before. Nervous doesnâ₠¬â„¢t even begin to describe the feelings that I was having at that time and moment.I called my husband and informed him that I was being sent to the maternity ward. Calling him did not help me to calm down. To be honest, I think I was calmer than he was which was surprising since he had been through this before. Finally, after all the questions and trying to comprehend what was going on, he was on his way. I was finally taken upstairs to the maternity ward and admitted. Not too long after arriving, I was given Pytocin to get the contractions started, a drug given to speed up the dilation of the cervix, since there was a chance of my son’s heart rate dropping.Shortly after I was examined, I was diagnosed with severe Preeclampsia, a condition in which the blood pressure is significantly high and chances of seizures and liver failure can occur. Not only was I diagnosed with something that I had never heard of with the potential to become fatal, the woman in the next room over t hat was actually giving birth at that time was screaming her heart out. I wanted to dart out of that place. I was beyond terrified. I sat there in a daze for most of the day since I was on so many different medications. You would have never thought that I was in labor because I was hooked up to so many machines.I felt like this was the worst day of my life and swore I would never do it again. The sharp, rushing pains of contractions kept coming, and to me, life as I knew it sucked. Whenever the pain came along, it would be stronger, longer, and more unbearable than the last. This lasted for an eternity in my eyes and I could not wait for it to be over. I eventually made it to the ten centimeters required to deliver. I was almost to the finish line and I was ready for it to be done and over with. With my husband and mother at my side, I felt invincible.They gave me the energy that was necessary to make it through one of the most important days of my life. I had my game face on and no thing stood in between me and giving birth to the son I was dying to meet. I began to push. The first push and I thought my lungs had collapsed. I was determined to end the long journey I had been on for nine months. With the second and last push came a beautiful, little baby boy. All that I had gone through was well worth it and if I had to do it all over again I would. April 10, 2007 was one of the most terrifying but happiest days of my life and I will always remember every detail of it.

A warm welcome to BN2102 Bioengineering data analysis Essay

Understand the statistical analysis that commonly accompanies publication of experimental data in scientific literature.   Perform the appropriate statistical analysis for a given set of experimental data. Estimate a parameter of interest by performing a suitable fitting to a set of experimental data. Create a suitable mathematical model based on the available experimental data. The module is divided in two parts. The first part will be taught by Chen Peiyi of the Department of Statistics and Applied Probability while the second part will be taught by Dr Alberto Corrias of the Department of Bioengineering. Some of the sessions will be conducted in the computer cluster rooms (block E2, level 3). For those sessions, the class is divided in 4 groups. Please check the IVLE to see which group you belong to and the Lesson Plan to check the exact locations and timings. The assessment is a combination of Continuous Assessment (CA) and final exam a s follows: CA of part 1: 20% CA of part 2: 20% Final exam: 60% The nature of the CA will be specified by each lecturer in due course. The final exam will be closed book. No aid†sheet will be allowed. Statistical tables will be provided if necessary. Please bring your calculator, however please note that programmable calculators will NOT be allowed. We hope you will enjoy BN2102! Best wishes, The teaching staff.

Is Our Society to Dependent of Computers Essay

Is Our Society too Dependent on Computers? Computers have found their way into just about every aspect of our lives, and in most cases, they make things easier for us. They allow people to work from home, socialize with friends and family, and they provide an ever-welcome stress relief from school or work. Since their invention, people far and wide have become increasingly dependent on computers. Children today are growing up in a world where computers are needed to do everything from controlling vicious heat seeking missiles to saving lives. The computers role in education is growing with increasing investments and technological innovation. The computer is a good thing, but the world must proceed with caution and a critical eye. As people increasingly rely on computers to get through the day, the question begs to be asked: is our society too dependent on computers? Despite the many benefits of computers, there are also a number of arguments against them, one of which is the negative effect some believe they are having on children’s education. Illiteracy is a growing issue, and many say that computers are to blame. In the past few years, many teachers have taken to shuffling their students off to a computer to type out short, quick assignments that could easily be written out by hand. While this is not much of an issue for older students, it is an issue for the younger students who are just learning to read and write. Regardless of how much we are coming to rely on computers, printing and handwriting are a necessary skill to have. But typing out assignments has an effect on more than just the ability to print; it can also negatively impact their spelling and grammar. While most programs now have spelling and grammar-check, they are not foolproof; they cannot differentiate between groups of words that have the same spelling but different meanings and will often times suggest corrections that are not, in fact, correct. Furthermore, information is often more easily and accurately remembered when children have to spend a little time writing it out by hand, rather than a few quick minutes typing away at a keyboard. Because of these factors some believe, computers in school should be reserved for older students, longer assignments, or classes which specifically teach how to use a computer. Another case against computers arises when a person’s interest in computers goes too far and becomes an obsession. Computers make it possible to do many things from the comfort of our own home; we can shop online, keep in touch with our friends online, even go to school online. They make it easier to record and organize information and entertain us with a nearly endless variety of games. However, it is still important to maintain a life outside of the cyber world. When a computer becomes the central point of a person’s life, they undergo a change in behavior; they become idle and develop anti-social tendencies, and, in some severe cases, simply cannot function without a computer. It is a common thing seen in children who have been allowed to spend too much time on the computer, watching television, or playing video games but when it comes time to walk away, they throw temper tantrums. But it is not just a matter of behavioral changes, when a person cannot tear themselves away from the screen long enough to take part in any other activity, it can take a toll on their health. They may experience weight gain, strained eyes, and headaches, among other unpleasant side-effects. Computers can also have a negative effect on the environment. Firstly they are a major source of energy consumption. Whole buildings are full of desks running computers day and night, causing a major drain on our natural resources. New computers become outdated far too quickly. Manufacturers are developing hardware at such a vast rate that people feel the need to upgrade. After upgrading the old hardware is obsolete and is usually disposed of. There are a lot of harmful substances that make up a modern computer, and these should, but are not always disposed of correctly. Many end up in landfills. These are just examples of issues with household computers. Instead of writing a check, people whip out their debit/ credit cards to pay for things when they are short on cash. What happens when the internet goes down and they are stuck in the checkout line with two hundred dollars worth of groceries, and no way to pay for them because they do not have a blank check? What happens when everyone is driving their fancy, futuristic cars that run on a computer chip and something goes wrong? In a few hundred years, will anyone know how to drive the cars of today? People put their computers through a lot of grief because they don’t quite know what they’re doing when they decide to fix a problem or clean up their hard drive, but there are also errors in programming, bugs that need to be fixed long after the product is out on the market, and there are always people trying to ruin a perfectly good thing with nasty computer viruses. Perhaps the most convincing argument, however, is the issue of safety. Aside from the issue of sharing personal information such as full names and addresses, there is also the bigger issue of stolen personal information. As our dependence on computers grows, so does our comfort level with them, people are more likely to save personal information to our computer. While it would be nice to think that it is always perfectly safe to do so, the fact is that there are predators that have any number of ways to gain access to personal files, and therefore, any personal information stored on your computer. Even if you do not knowingly keep any personal information on your computer, if you bank or shop online at all, it is possible for someone who knows what they are doing to gain access to delicate financial information. There is also the threat of younger computer users being introduced to violence and sex. As many negative aspects as there are against computers there are also positive ones. The first computers differed drastically from the ones we are accustomed to using. They were so massive that they occupied whole rooms or buildings and were also relatively slow. Nowadays they can perform many complex operations simultaneously and there are numerous jobs that could not be done without the aid of a computer. Imagine how much paper would be wasted and how many trees would have to be cut down just to save the information that is today saved on a computer. Computers can also calculate and process information faster and more accurate than a human. There is an ever-increasing desire to get children started learning early, even before schools start. Pre-Kindergarten programs or parent teaching is necessary for preschoolers to be prepared for a kindergarten curriculum that no longer starts with the absolute basic skills and knowledge. Kindergarten has a more advanced curriculum than it did years ago, and technology is available to help parents teach kids the basics before they ever go to school. There are many educational websites that feature games based on math, spelling, color recognition, reading and other basic educational necessities that children enjoy playing. Getting practice in this way, prior to enrollment, allows school systems to start at a higher level. The easy access and sharing capability of the Internet allows students to access study guides, tests and even grades through their computers. In addition to making these materials available to students on their home computers, there is the fact that this technology allows schools to save money on printing and save time on distributing paper copies of everything a student needs to know. Not every student has the same mental and physical ability. Therefore, there must be ways to convey information and allow for completion of work that vary with some students. Technology plays an important role in providing assistive devices to learning or physically disabled students. The computer era has unveiled new career dimensions. Specialists are required by companies, organizations, governments and other bodies to run the computer innovations in these areas. Globalization has resulted to a more search and availability of international career opportunities. Through the Internet, organizations can advertise their job vacancies to the society regardless of border limits. They can source for manpower from all the spheres of the world. Timely and up to date information is now moved from one point to another in order to reach the intended audience. The core issue is that, there is faster and convenient transmission of this data to the destination point. Think of for example, the Internet, you log on to the Web and minutes after, you have written down your content and placed the send button and instantaneously its delivered to the another part of the world. This is truly amazing. Another area computers impact is the entertainment area. Most people like science fiction or action movies, especially the ones with the neat looking effects. Well, those graphics were mostly made by computers. Most of the movies today use computer graphics to make things more realistic. Computer graphics are mostly used to create spaceships, aliens, monsters, and special effects. Movies like Jurassic Park, Starship Troopers, Star Wars SE, and the latest Star Trek Movies used computers to make them look more interesting and realistic. There are even movies completely made by computers like Toy Story and A Bugs’ Life. Finally, the most signigicant role computers play is in the medical field. Their uses include storing patient related data, housing knowledge bases, scanning and imaging the body, and facilitating speedy communications. Patient records are stored on computer databases in the medical field. Details of the medications prescribed are stored together with details of any that cannot be prescribed. Appointments are scheduled using a computer database. Billing information is also stored. Hospitals and surgeries depend on computers for administrative and financial functions. Hospital monitoring equipment is often based on computer programming. Emergency alarms, bed beeping systems and X-ray machines are all examples of equipment using computer technology. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computer tomography (CT) employ computer software. High-resolution images are achieved with the use of sophisticated computers and infrared cameras. Some surgical procedures are even computer guided. Computers also monitor heart rates, pulse rates and brain readings. It would be virtually impossible for a human to do this. Computer networking facilitates fast communication. Doctors on opposite sides of the world can communicate instantly via the internet. Images and messages can be exchanged in seconds and conclusions can be reached speedily. Computers are also used in the medical field in the manufacture of medications. Patients benefit from readily available information on the internet. Computer applications help in research studies. Computers are a must have in every medical profession. Computers have impacted the way we live on a large scale. You will find computers in hospitals, libraries, schools and banks, each running tasks that would be difficult for people to do on their own. The computer has been widely considered as one of the greatest inventions of the 21st century, but it also is blamed for many day-to-day problems and even tragic events. As computer technology advances, the effects will continue to change the world for better or worse. One thing is apparent computers and the technologies they possess are not going anywhere therefore society will become increasingly dependent upon them.

Comparative Analysis †Elie Wiesel and Hilary Rodham Clinton Essay

The two speeches orated by Elie Wiesel and Hilary Rodham Clinton were delivered in 1995 to influence change. Wiesel’s, ‘Listen to the silent screams’ was delivered at Auschwitz. World leaders and survivors listened as he influenced the audience to act upon racial hatred and religious extremism. Clinton delivered her speech at the United Nations 4th conference on Women’s Rights Plenary Session in Beijing. This is ironic given China’s poor record for human rights violations, particularly against females. Delegates and women from all over the world came to hear her rebuttal, ‘Women’s rights are human rights’. Both Wiesel’s and Clinton’s speeches are relevant today as both their aspirations of human rights for all have not yet been fully realised. Both speakers broadcast their message by addressing the audience through exhibiting their authority and rhetorical devices. Both speakers establish authority and credibility for themselves as speakers and for their cause in different ways. Wiesel is authoritative as he has lived through the Holocaust, whereas Clinton is authoritative as she is an active feminist. Wiesel addresses his audience by using personal pronouns to create equality, â€Å"I speak to you as a man, who 50 years and nine days ago had no name, no hope, no future and was known only by his number, A7713†. This statistical information shows the formality of the occasion and establishes that being in Auschwitz has influenced his view on humanity. He â€Å"has seen what humanity has done to itself by trying to exterminate an entire people and inflict suffering and humiliation and death on so many others. Wiesel does not specifically identify one group of people for doing this; he influences the audience to understand whole of humanity was responsible for Auschwitz. Contrastingly, Clinton establishes her authority by being female, by being indefatigable, and by speaking to and for women from all over the world. She states, â€Å"Over the past 25 years I have worked persistently on issues relating to women, children and families. † This shows she is serious about women’s right, it is something she strongly believes in, and her commitment to the cause is absolute. Clinton has worked on women’s rights for â€Å"the past 25 years†. Not only is she committed, in addition she brings experience. By listing countries in which she has talked to mothers about their issues, â€Å"I have met new mothers in Indonesia†¦ Denmark†¦ South Africa†¦ India†¦ Bangladesh†¦ Belarus†¦ Ukraine†¦ Chernobyl†¦ †, she highlights her credibility to appear influential and qualified to act as a voice on their behalf. She has met mothers who are voiceless, now she has the responsibility to speak out, to be the one voice that is heard. Both speakers establish their authority by validating their cause and using rhetorical devices . Wiesel uses emotive language and imagery, whereas Clinton appeals to fact. Imagery is used in Wiesel’s speech to capture the surreality of the Holocaust. Clinton uses fact to update the audience with reality of the world, and influences the audience with statistical information. Wiesel uses representative figures of mothers and old men and women, â€Å"Listen to the silent screams of terrified mothers, the prayers of anguished old men and women. † The use of the emotively loaded adjectives ‘terrified’ and ‘anguished’ shows the reader their vulnerability. Prayers’, shows helplessness and desperation as there was nothing they could do but hope. Their prayers went unanswered, as did the silent screams. Wiesel uses anaphora and imperative to influence the reader the dead have never been laid to rest, â€Å"Listen to the tears of children, Jewish children, a beautiful little girl among them, with golden hair, whose vulnerable tenderness has never left me. † Wiesel influences the audience to pity the children, the most innocent of mankind. He achieves this by describing a representative figure who stands for all Jewish children. Through the description of, ‘vulnerable tenderness’ he emphasises the frailty and innocence of children, while showing that this was brutally crushed. There was no mercy. The weak were tormented, the most innocent were sentenced to a death both unimaginable and undignified, â€Å"Look and listen as they quietly walk towards dark flames so gigantic that the planet itself seemed in danger. † The metaphor shows the quantity and mass of the deaths, that people were being murdered on such a large scale that it seemed as if the whole world would be consumed. In contrast to Wiesel, Clinton used statistics throughout her speech to underline the importance of women’s rights. Statistics were used to give the reader an idea of scale, â€Å"Women comprise more than half the world’s population, 70% of the world’s poor, and two-thirds of those who are not taught to read and write. † Incorporating researched data gives realism and urgency. When statistics are used the audience is able to comprehend what is happening and who is involved. By using examples Clinton is telling the audience it should not be a problem as it involves at least half of the world’s population. Clinton gives examples from all over the world of what is happening, one of them being, â€Å"It is a violation of human rights when babies are denied food, or drowned, or suffocated, or their spines broken, simply because they are born girls†. Notice in this it is not only stated as a violation of women’s rights, but a violation of human rights. We are human, and we have rights. The violence needs to stop; in the name of humanity as a whole. Both Wiesel and Clinton are telling the world through the power of rhetoric, that change is needed. These speeches are relevant and persistent today. The issue of effectively opposing religious fanaticism, racial hate, and building gender equality have enduring relevance in all countries. With, â€Å"†¦ let us stop the bloodshed in Bosnia, Rwanda and Chechnia; the vicious and ruthless terror attacks against Jews in the Holy Land†, Wiesel is saying humanity has turned on itself before, and suffered before, yet we have not learned. He commands we must â€Å"reject and oppose more effectively religious fanaticism and racial hate†. Allow the Holocaust to be the past, Wiesel urges we must focus on a safer future for our children so that the millions who died in the Holocaust did not do so in vain. Clinton speaks to the world, urging the importance of gender equality, â€Å"Even now, in the late 20th century, the rape of women continues to be used as an instrument of armed conflict†. In this she gives an example of why gender equality needs to occur by giving an example of what is happening today. Both speakers influence the audience through exhibiting their authority and use of power, they show that these issues are pressing and cannot be ignored.

Solid Waste Generation

Solid waste generation is an inevitable consequence of production and consumption activities in any economy (Bennagen, M. E., 2002). Dumping of solid wastes in unauthorized places such as roadside, drains, and undeveloped piece of land leads to accumulation of solid wastes in the environment. Agricultural wastes are solid wastes that contribute to the amount of accumulated solid wastes in many parts of the world. The Philippines, which is considered as an agricultural country, contributes a large percentage of agricultural wastes in the world. The country contributes more than 10,000 tons of solid wastes per day (Bennagen, M. E., 2002).  This large amount of accumulated solid wastes contributes to problems such as flooding in urban areas, uncollected garbage, and inadequate disposal sites. The effects of accumulated solid wastes in the environment are becoming one of the major concerns of the country and worldwide.In the field of civil engineering, the effects of solid wastes on the hydration process of concrete have been investigated and the studies provided promising results (Okonkwo, 2012). Attempts have been made by various researchers to convert solid wastes to beneficial applications with high level of success in helping to reduce solid waste. Therefore, identifying analogous material from the waste products and using for beneficial application is an idea worth embracing.Eggshell is an agricultural waste that litters the environment. It is a common waste product in fast food, restaurants, and other food-related business establishments. This waste material was found out to be mainly composed of compounds of calcium. Eggshells are composed of 93.70% calcium carbonate, 4.20% organic matter, 1.30% magnesium carbonate, and 0.80% calcium phosphate (Rabiu A. and Mtallib M., 2009). Eggshell is primarily composed of calcium carbonate, which is the primary raw material in producing cement. This compound, which is naturally occurring and abundantly found in the Earth's crust, can also be found in bones, marbles, stalactites, and stalagmites. On the basis of the common compositional characteristics of cement and eggshells, heating or incineration of eggshells to produce eggshell ash and adding controlled amounts would significantly affect the properties of cement in its application to concrete.

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