Friday, May 31, 2019

William Faulkners As I Lay Dying :: Lay Dying William Faulkner Essays

William Faulkners As I Lay DyingWorks Cited MissingFulfilling a promise they had made to their mother, Addie, Cash, Darl,Jewel, Dewey Dell, and Vardaman, in William Faulkners As I Lay Dying, journeyacross the Mississippi countryside to bring her body to be buried in Jefferson,alongside her immediate family. Each one, in turn, narrates the events of this sashay as they are perceived. Though all of the family members are goingthrough the same experiences, each one expresses what they see and how theyfeel by exercising their unmarried powers and limitations of language. Whateach character says as well as how he/she says it gives insight into thatcharacters underlying meanings.Darl, for example, uses his linguistic skills to gain power as narrator.He possesses the ability to part up on things unsaid and to read otherpeoples actions. Dewey Dell describes his intuitiveness when she says that he said he knew without the speech communication, and I knew he knew because if he had saidhe kn ew with words I would not have believedand thats why I can talk to himwith knowing with hating with because he knows (27). He uses his gift ofrealizing things without them having to actually be told to him to gain credibility with the reader. Who would doubt a narrator who possesses thattype of adroitness? Also, his language is clear and reflective. He usessimiles and metaphors and appears to have an acute awareness of spatialrelationships. Darls sophisticated perception and poetical linguistics give himthe means of reaching for and maintaining his role as a competent observer andreporter. However, his position does create certain problems for his siblings.Tull describes Darls look as organism uncanny.He is looking at me. He dont saynothing just looks at me with themqueer eyes of hisn that makes folkstalk. I always say it aint neverbeen what he done so much or said oranything so much as how he looks atyou. Its like he had got into the at heart of you, someway. Like somehowyou was l ooking at yourself and yourdoing outen his eyes. (125)It is the same penetrating gaze that gives Darl so much power thatmakes the others around him so uncomfortable, especially Dewey Dell. She feelsthat his strange noesis of what has not been said is an invasion of herprivacy. The land runs out of Darls eyes they swim to pin points. Theybegin at my feet and rise along my body to my face, and then my flash back is goneI sit naked on the seat above the unhurrying mules, above the travail (121).

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Food Safety and Food Borne Diseases Essays -- Exploratory Essays

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), food borne diseases cause an estimated 76 million illnesses, 325,000 hospitalizations, and 5,000 deaths in the United States each year. For many students, college is the first duration many of you ever had to think about buying your own food or cooking for yourselves. As a result, many students are not better in kosher food safety precautions which can prevent many of these food borne diseases. Storing your food in the proper conditions is the first step in proper food safety. For meat, fish, and poultry, it is best to keep them in the coldest part of your refrigerator, which in most cases is in the drawers or the back of the bottom shelf. Storing meats on the top shelf may be more likely to leak and contaminate other foods that may be underneath. As a general rule of thumb, fresh poultry, seafood, and cornerstone or chopped meat can be refrigerated for one to two days before cooking. Fresh red meat, cooked po ultry, and meat leftovers can be refrigerated for three to five days, and lunch meats for three to seven day...

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

The James Wright Festival :: essays research papers

The pile Wright FestivalPart OneAfter reading the poem entitled Y exposeh, I tangle that James Wright was not only describing the life of his preceptor hardly also the lives of the many some other factory bunkers in the Ohio Valley. Many of these workers had either dropped out of school or went straight to the factories afterwards high school, neer really getting a chance to be intimate their lives as young adults. I hazard that has something to do with the title of this poem. Its clear that Wright knew his father and the other men were not satisfied with their jobs and just chose not to speak about it. These factory workers slaved onward and then came home quiet as the evening in all probability because they were content to just be relaxing at home with their families. They knew that this was their way of life and they had to do it, even if they had big dreams to someday get away. I gauge that Wright was also trying to make a point that these men who worked so hard ea ch day were not valued as much as they should have been. These men did not have the education to get a higher compensable job but they did have the proper skills and knowledge to work in the factories. I like that James Wright mentioned Sherwood Anderson in this poem as I enjoy his work. Anderson left his Ohio hometown for Chicago to pursuit bigger and better things because he knew if he stayed in the area, he would be unhappy. However, it is a small-scale ironic that Anderson one day just got up and left in the middle of physical composition and was said to have a mental breakdown.I can definitely see what Wright was communicating with this poem. I had a somewhat depressed feeling after reading it, but I dont know how one could read this and not feel that way. I also felt a little sad because I have been around people like this all of my life. Family, friends, friends of the family- a enlarged majority of these people worked in factories and in the steel mills. As a child, I di d not realize just how hard working these people were but of course as I grew older I started to understand. No one really spoke of it, as Wright also expressed in the poem. As cold as what was important to me in the experience of the poem, I felt that the fact that I could actually relate was important.The James Wright Festival essays research papers The James Wright FestivalPart OneAfter reading the poem entitled Youth, I felt that James Wright was not only describing the life of his father but also the lives of the many other factory workers in the Ohio Valley. Many of these workers had either dropped out of school or went straight to the factories after high school, never really getting a chance to enjoy their lives as young adults. I think that has something to do with the title of this poem. Its clear that Wright knew his father and the other men were not satisfied with their jobs and just chose not to speak about it. These factory workers slaved away and then came home qu iet as the evening probably because they were content to just be relaxing at home with their families. They knew that this was their way of life and they had to do it, even if they had big dreams to someday get away. I think that Wright was also trying to make a point that these men who worked so hard every day were not valued as much as they should have been. These men did not have the education to get a higher paying job but they did have the proper skills and knowledge to work in the factories. I like that James Wright mentioned Sherwood Anderson in this poem as I enjoy his work. Anderson left his Ohio hometown for Chicago to pursuit bigger and better things because he knew if he stayed in the area, he would be unhappy. However, it is a little ironic that Anderson one day just got up and left in the middle of writing and was said to have a mental breakdown.I can definitely see what Wright was communicating with this poem. I had a somewhat depressed feeling after reading it, but I dont know how one could read this and NOT feel that way. I also felt a little sad because I have been around people like this all of my life. Family, friends, friends of the family- a large majority of these people worked in factories and in the steel mills. As a child, I did not realize just how hard working these people were but of course as I grew older I started to understand. No one really spoke of it, as Wright also expressed in the poem. As far as what was important to me in the experience of the poem, I felt that the fact that I could actually relate was important.

Foreign Etiquette :: essays research papers

Etiquette for Greetings and Business CardsAs we do ancestry in opposite countries and as we receive businesspeople from other countries in our Ameri base offices, it is important to know how to greet people and how to present our business cards. The greeting is the beginning of the business interaction if it goes well, we create a positive impression that will serve as a foundation for our business discussions.Business CardsThe ultimate bye in todays global economy is the business card. It identifies your company and makes it easier for international people to understand your progress to. Rank and profession in other countries be taken much more seriously then they are in the United States.For every country in which you travel, have your business card randomness in English on one side and in the language of the particular country on the other side. Include your distinguish, position title, your company name and address, and your fax and telephone numbers.In European and North American countries, the business card may be presented with either hand. In Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, neer present the card with your left hand the left hand is considered unclean.GreetingsYour first chance to make an impression is when you greet someone and exchange name calling. In America, we melt to be formal but that does not mean we should be careless. Professional, social, and family statuses are very important in many cultures. If you say or do something, which is incorrect, you can offend others and embarrass yourself.Always use a formal greeting when you meet people from other cultures. Never address them by their first name unless they ask you to do so. In European and North American countries, greet the person with a firm hand shingle, good eye contact, and the pronunciation of the last name with the courtesy titleMrs. Moschler.In Latin American countries, greet a person with a light handshake and maybe an embrace. Remember that most peoples names are a combination of their fathers and mothers names. Only a mothers name is use in conversation. So, Carlos Mendoza-Zamora would be addressed as Senor Mendoza.The French also greet one another with a light handshake the firm U.S.-type handshake is thought to be impolite. Generally, women do not shake hands. Young people and close friends will frequently exchange kissed on both cheeks in addition to the handshake. And the French often shake hands in departing.In the Orient, the Chinese system presents the surname first and the given name last for example, Wang Xiansheng would be addressed as Mr.

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

Ensuring Freedom by Preserving the Values of Trade Unions Essay

Ensuring Freedom by Preserving the Values of Trade Unions Thoughtful committed citizens are the only thing that have ever changed the world.Margaret MeadAnti-union ideal is increasingly pervading American culture. In fact, one critic says, The United States in now on the verge of a risky experiment to become the starting signal parliamentary democracy in modern world history without a substantial trade union movement (Lichtenstein 66). In addition to weakening negociate power, the judicial system allows workers to resign in the midst of a strike and scab on coworkers. A hugenumber of professionals and supervisors were even deemed exempt from original (Lichtenstein 66). Legislation and corporate wealth are eroding the power of organized labor and thereby obfuscating workplace democracy extinguishing employee rights eroding the living standards of working, working- poor, and affectionateness class Americans muting the voice of minorities retarding environmental improvements increa sing corporate domination of politics and auguring exploitation of workers throughout the world. However, a significant portion of freedoms, to which Americans have become accustomed, would be greatly diminished or non-existent without the social values that are embodied by organized labor.Evidence suggests that employers seldom behave democratically without the mandate of a higher authority such as the government or a union. It is no wonder that workplace dictatorships are becoming a widespread phenomenon as government regulations fail to adequately protect workers but enhance the power of employers Fear of being fired, downsized, laid off, of not making pension time, poverty in a new economy, of part-time and insecure, low-paid jobs, an... ...titute, 1997.Lawrence, Vince. John Sweeneys Militant Unionism.The New Republic 6 Oct. 1997 23 - 24.LeRoy, Greg. The Terrible Ten. The Progressive 28 May 1999 27 - 30.Lichtenstein, Nelson. Work Rights, Individual Rights. Dissent Spring 1997 6 6 - 72.Mantois, Gregory. A New Labor Movement for the New Century. New York Monthly Review Press, 1998.Moberg, David. Union bounty Power. The Nation 1 June 1998 16 - 19.Puddington, Arch. Is Labor Back? Commentary July 1998 39 - 42.Shribman, David. Big Labor Gets Its Act Together. Fortune 29 Sept. 1997 60 - 61.Silbiger, Stephen. State of Unions. interior(a) Review 26 Jan. 1998 20 - 21.Smith, Peter. The Fractured World of the Temporary Worker. Journal of Labour 22.2 (1998) 414 -427.Wells, Don. Labour Solidarity Goes Global. Canadian Dimension 32.2 (1998) 33 - 39.

Ensuring Freedom by Preserving the Values of Trade Unions Essay

Ensuring Freedom by Preserving the Values of Trade Unions Thoughtful committed citizens are the only thing that deem ever changed the world.Margaret MeadAnti-union sentiment is increasingly pervading American culture. In fact, one critic says, The United States in now on the verge of a risky look into to become the first parliamentary democracy in modern world history without a substantial trade union movement (Lichtenstein 66). In appendage to weakening bargaining power, the judicial system allows workers to resign in the midst of a strike and scab on coworkers. A hugenumber of professionals and supervisors were crimson deemed exempt from representation (Lichtenstein 66). Legislation and corporate wealth are gnaw at the power of organized labor and thereby obfuscating workplace democracy extinguishing employee rights eroding the living standards of working, working- poor, and middle class Americans muting the voice of minorities retarding environmental improvements increasing c orporate domination of politics and auguring exploitation of workers throughout the world. However, a significant portion of freedoms, to which Americans be possessed of become accustomed, would be greatly diminished or non-existent without the social values that are embodied by organized labor.Evidence suggests that employers seldom behave democratically without the mandate of a higher authority such as the government or a union. It is no wonder that workplace dictatorships are becoming a widespread phenomenon as government regulations fail to adequately protect workers but enhance the power of employers Fear of being fired, downsized, laid off, of not making subvention time, poverty in a new economy, of part-time and insecure, low-paid jobs, an... ...titute, 1997.Lawrence, Vince. John Sweeneys Militant Unionism.The New Republic 6 Oct. 1997 23 - 24.LeRoy, Greg. The Terrible Ten. The Progressive 28 May 1999 27 - 30.Lichtenstein, Nelson. Work Rights, Individual Rights. Dissent Spr ing 1997 66 - 72.Mantois, Gregory. A New Labor Movement for the New Century. New York Monthly round Press, 1998.Moberg, David. Union Pension Power. The Nation 1 June 1998 16 - 19.Puddington, Arch. Is Labor Back? Commentary July 1998 39 - 42.Shribman, David. Big Labor Gets Its Act Together. Fortune 29 Sept. 1997 60 - 61.Silbiger, Stephen. State of Unions. National Review 26 Jan. 1998 20 - 21.Smith, Peter. The Fractured World of the Temporary Worker. Journal of Labour 22.2 (1998) 414 -427.Wells, Don. Labour Solidarity Goes Global. Canadian Dimension 32.2 (1998) 33 - 39.

Monday, May 27, 2019

An assessment of the first section of the 1992 film Essay

English Media Course hammer An assess workforcet of the first section of the 1992 film Of Mice and workforce, including some comparisons with part one of John Steinbecks smartIn section one of the novel Of Mice and Men written by John Steinbeck, begins with a description of the pool and its surroundings in order to familiarize us with the counterbalanceting, using poetic imagery to describe the golden foothill slopes of the Salinas river valley and the pool on the bank of which the leaves lie deep and so crisp that a lizard makes a great skittering if he runs among them. Some rabbits sit in the sand. There is a path through the willows and among the sycamores leading to the sandy rivers edge. The description limiteds an idyllic rest to the scene which is disturbed as the novels both main characters emerge from the woods. The rabbits scurry into the scrubs and a heron flies from the pool before George and Lennie enter the clearing.George and Lennie be described as physical o pposites, George being small and quick, dark of face, with restless eyes and sharp, strong features while Lennie is described as a huge man, unformed of face, with large pale eyes, with wide sloping shoulders, and he walked heavily but despite the difference in physical appearance John Steinbeck stresses the similarities of dress two were dressed in denim. Both wore black, shapeless hats and both carried tight blanket rolls, this suggests that Lennie maybe trying to copy George as he looks up to him and call fors to be standardised him, as in like manner imitates George actions at the river bank.In the following pages George and Lennies conversation and conduct helps the lector learn that the two atomic number 18 migrant ranch workers, on their way to one job to another. They are going to work on a ranch in Soledad and George makes it clear he is to do all the lecture when they arrive George angrily discovers that Lennie has been concealing a dead mouse (I could pet it with my thumb while we walked on) This informs the reader that Lennie likes to pet soft things, which is to be carefully noted in light of future (and recent) events, George has beans for dinner and when Lennie childishly sates he likes ketchup with his beans, George gets angry and muses on the life he could personify if he wasnt with Lennie I got you You gaget keep a job and you lose me ever job I get. Jus keep me shovin all over the field all the time You do bad things and I got to get you come out.Through Georges anger we learn approximately one of the bad things which occur personnel casualty at their last job, in Weed, when Lennie wanted to pet the girls dress because it was pretty and held on when she tried to jerk away. The two had to flee the town in the night as the town people were looking for them, Lennie responds to Georges anger with self-pity and uses a guilt trip, sorrowfully saying that if George doesnt want him around, he could go off and live in the hills by hims elf. This softens George into saying that he wants Lennie to stay, so we k straight these threats are not serious and that George does genuinely like Lennie as a friend. Lennie urges George to tell about the rabbits, this is when we are first introduced to the dream that George and Lennie share, that they will get their own piece of land and the money and means by which to live off of it.George describes how he and Lennie are different from other ranchers who drift from town to town, who dont belong no place. Lennie and George are different according to George, because they moderate future and for each one other. One day they will have enough money and live off the fatta the land. This give tongue tos the reader that George needs Lennie as a Friend so not to be lonely I got you to look after me, and you got me to look after you this shows the loyalty and friendship which exists between George and Lennie, and the dream of a better life. either though George does become angry with Lennie resulting in some tension during this section of the novel, the atmosphere at the end is very peaceful and pleasant leavening the reader to feel positive and happy this is the same in both the film and the novel.The 1992 film version Of Mice and Men opens with white on black credits which are simple and stand out clearly. Gradually go bad effects of a wagon/train are added and lighting effects are choked in slowly to show the inside of an old fashioned goods wagon. There is likewise background medicine which is very atmospheric, building tension. This is followed by a slow fade and a close up shot of a mans face, which we later come to realize is George, played by Gary Sinise who is also the director.George pensively, sadly sits wholly in a railway car, the shadows of the cars slats partially covering his face. At the end of the film the same shot is repeated, therefore the audience win the film is in fact a flash back from Georges memory, The gentle and eerie backgroun d music and use of dark, gloomy colours consider a sense of mystery adding interest which makes the audience want to watch on to imagine whats going to happen they also illustrate a mood of sadness along with the miserable expression stressed in the close up shot of Gary Sinises face.At the start of the narrative in the film, the photographic camera jumps to a sequence of a woman in a vivid red dress, running though fields apparently in desperate escape of some undefined terror, She runs towards the camera, As she gets closer to the camera the audience target picks out details in which give clues about the woman such as the tear in her dress and her panicky face which is stressed in a close up shot but the mystery is continued when she runs past the camera and out of the audiences sight. The sound effects of the womans gasped breath are very frantic, adding drama and tension to puss the audiences aim and the red of her dress stands out clearly in contrast to the green fields. The director immediately makes the camera jump to a sequence demo two custody, being chased by a group of work force on horses armed with rifles and led by hunting dogs. The camera follows this chase, panning along to show the men running though long grass. The camera angle then changes to show the chase from the point of locating of the men who are being chased, showing the dogs and men running towards the camera which makes the audience feel as if they are being chased and allowing them to see things from the mens point of view. Water from the horses splashes on the camera, showing the audience how close they are, adding tension and making the audience feel more involved, helping them to feel how the men are touch sensation by showing things from the mens point of view.The two men jump into an irrigation ditch. The man from the start of the film jumps in first, front view and then the other man jumps in after but from a side view.The camera is used as one of the mens view, to the audience it helps them to feel how the men are feeling. It creates murkiness because at first the audience may not know whose view it is and what they are looking at, since the men are in hiding and the viewer can see the weeds overhanging in front of them this also creates suspense as the audience can see the two mens point of view of the situation. The opening film sequence has a very dramatic and tense start in order to grab the audiences intention, making them want to watch on. In comparison to the novel Of Mice and Men which is very different as it opens with a peaceful, happy and serene scene, making the reader build up hope and creating a joyful atmosphere.The camera jumps from the irrigation ditch to the two men (George and Lennie) hitching a freight train at night in order to escape. some other jump follows to a studio location of a 1930s Californian town (Salinas) this scene is added to show the audience the time in which the film is ring in and giving them an idea of George and Lennies surrounds and their way of life. While they are in the town Lennie asks George were they are going George said were going to a ranch to work this dialog has been added to inform the audience of were they are going and of there current situation. George and Lennie take a bus to the ranch but they are dropped off in the countryside a few miles from the ranch.The serene and tranquil scene was probably set on location. The dialog they use is almost the same as the book, the camera pans along while they walk and talk setting them both in frame emphasizing that they have a close relationship. As the bus goes by George and Lennie, George realises that they have been dropped off in the wrong place and yells out son of a bitch to the bus driver, Lennie copies George and also yells son of a bitch this is improvisation as it is not in the book, it has been added to show how Lennie copies George and what he does suggesting that he looks up to him and wants to be like him, showing the audience a bit about his character. Lennies (played by John Malkovitch )voice is very child like, portraying Lennie like a child trapped in a mans body, which makes sense but at times also seem over the top as in the book I felt that Lennie was just very simple minded, but in the film Lennie seems to be seriously retarded.While George and Lennie are sitting by the pool Lennie decides to drink from the pool then spit the water out of his mouth in a child like fashion, again this is improvisation to show how child like Lennie is, George reacts to this by laughing at him showing he is used to Lennie and his childish behaviour almost to like how a parent would laugh at a child. The camera uses close up shots of Lennies face in order to emphases his rum facial expressions and medium close-ups to show George and Lennies body language especially Lennie who tends to use various funny hand jesters in order to help express himself which he cant do very advantageously.During Geor ge and Lennies argument about ketchup the camera is shot in separate frames to show they are now separate, because they are angry. The camera also uses medium close ups of George and Lennie while George is kneeling and Lennie is standing up to show how much bigger Lennie is compared to George and their differences in physical appearance, it also shows that Lennie could be seen as a treat to George. The camera tilts up when showing Lennie to make him seem taller and he probably has used padding in his garb to make him appear bigger, while when the camera is on George it tends to tilt down to make him appear smaller.During the argument George doesnt mention the girl in the red dress which he does in the novel, he just said you do bad things, he doesnt mention it because he doesnt need to develop this to the audience as the girl in the film as this has already been shown at the start unlike the novel. The argument shows the audience that George and Lennie do fall out sometimes. When the augment is over Lennie uses a guilt trip on George, the guilt is empathised in close up of Georges face.The camera jumps to George and Lennie sitting by a camp fire, this is the last sequence of this section of the film. It is set outside in the dark but the lighting effects make it light enough to see whats happening, the light from the fire reflects on there faces in order to emphasis them there are many off screen natural sound effects such as cricket noises and other types of bugs and birds. Lennie asks George to tell him about the dream and as George begins to tell the dream background music gradually comes in which is very soft and genital to create an dream like atmosphere.The camera puts both George and Lennie in the frame while telling the dream maybe to show that they both share this dream and to show the friendship between them. When George stops telling the dream he saids oh the hell with it at this point the background music suddenly stops showing that they have com e out of the dream and are now back to reality. At the end they are both in frame, lying by the camp fire, the atmosphere is quite and peaceful with the natural sound effects of bugs est. off screen in the background leaving the audiences feeling happy and positive.Overall, I thought the first section of the Of Mice and Men film was good and very well done by Gary Sinise. In the moving-picture show you can actually see and hear things that you probably would not catch on to in the book. For example there are the facial expressions of George and Lennie. The music soundtrack to the film Of Mice and Men is very well composed I especially liked how the music is classical, which is very appealing to all age groups and genders. The music was important as it set the mood for the scene the audience was seeing. The landscaping and camera work was also very good. The setting of the pool was just as it was described in the book.Also, the enclothe worn by Lennie and George fitted the time fra me allowing the audience to feel that they are back in that time period by watching, and also showed that they were not well off. In many ways the first section of the film is similar to the novel such as the dialog they use is almost identical to the novel and the appearance of the characters in the film are almost exactly like how they are described in the novel, Lennie is very big and bulky, while George is small with a tanned face. The director changed the order of the story at the beginning by starting with the girl in the red dress, this was probably changed in order to grab the audience intension at the beginning of the film so then they would want to watch on to see whats happening.Right from the start of the movie you can see that Lennie has a mental illness, and George is taking care of him like a father the same as it is with the novel. Also, you can tell that George gets impatient with Lennie legion(predicate) times and that he gets frustrated very easily. I thought the role of George was played very well by Gary Sinise who seems to bring out the role of George abruptly as he coveys Georges caring side as well. As for Lennie this role is probably more of a challenge as he is difficult to convey without sounding cartoonish, John Malkovich didnt work wonders for the role as he used such a silly voice, though if he had used a normal way of speaking the audience would probably find it difficult to see him as mentally handy capped.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Plato’s Theory of Forms Essay

Platos surmisal of forms is strongly based on what is real and what is not. What is real is estimate to be absolute, plainly something cannot be real or perfect if it is always changing. He explains that the World of forms is very different to the World of appearances. The World of forms can further be properly understood by philosophers and those who dependk companionship, not by the ignorant or those who do not wish to learn the truth. The theory of forms makes a distinction between those objects that atomic number 18 real and those that are only real in our minds.His dialogues (e. g. Parable of the spelunk) portray experienceledge as the process of leaving the cave and going into the sunlight. The people in the cave find their reality in the shadows cast in the cave and assume there can never be anything beyond these shadows. These shadows are used to convey that the world that we see is just a shadow or reflection of what is real. For Plato, the real world is not what w e see around us, it is only the World of forms that is real and unchanging.Plato believed that what is perceived as knowledge in this world was in fact only opinion and true knowledge rests only in the world of forms. Knowledge is seen to be something that can be known by senses but if all to see in this world are constantly changing shadows then they are not the truth but the constant, unchanging and eternal concepts in the world of forms do not have this chore of contradiction, Plato explained knowledge as eternal and immutable this means the changing world couldnt hold knowledge with the eternal one could.Plato describes the forms as independently animated entities whose existence and nature are graspable only by the mind, even though they do not depend on being grasped in rules of order to exist. Plato said that souls come from the world of forms which is why we have an innate knowledge of violator or the form of beauty, but we dont actually know what it is and therefore can t judge. When we see examples of jurist, we recognise them because we recognise them as we see that they reflect the nature of True Justice or the form of Justice.The beauty or justice that we see in society around us is always imperfect, as even though we have never seen perfect justice or beauty we know what they are according to Plato, because we have an understanding gained as a recollection of our souls experience in the world of forms. Plato believed that although all forms were perfect there was a hierarchy within them with the form of goodness being at the top, such as the sun in the allegory of the cave which shined oer everything and allowed the prisoner new information.The form of goodness allows all the other forms to be understood and be valued. We are said to participate in the form but it isnt something that Plato gave detail or description on, this has become one of the argument and reasons why some people have rejected the theory. Aristotle gave another argument aga inst the theory as the estimationl of man would hold traits of man and would therefore have to have a perfect form on which it is based as would that being. This idea could be back traced continuously and is used to show that each concept would have to have a concept on which it itself was based.

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Ethical and Social Concerns in Global Business Essay

The need of ethics in the worry world is superlative and global as new trends and issues arise daily which may create an important burden to business entities and end-consumers. There is therefore a need for proper ethical behavior in organizations for smooth operations in spite of appearance the business entities. Morf (1999265) believes Ethics is the moral principle that individuals inject into their decision-making process and that helps temper the last outcome to conform to the norms of their society. Again, ethical principles hit the very profound plump of making behavior very predictable (Mahdavi, 2003).Businesses need to come to grips with the legal and moral atmosphere in which they operate. The various ethical issues in global business that have imparted variously in the Kenyan Economy include the following 1) Corruption and bribery corruption and bribery is one of the menace that has seen Kenya lag freighter in terms of development. It is often claimed that in 1963, when Kenya acquired its independence from the colonial rule, it was at par with countries like South Korea, Malaysia, and Singapore among others, in terms of development.However, the above mentioned countries have grown to be giant economies while Kenya is still struggling at grassroots with take-off strategies. Kenya has had major scandals of corruption which include The Goldenberg scandal, The Anglo leasing among others, which involved white elephant projects that looted the regimen of major funds. The unethical act is still rampant in the country even after the establishment of the Kenya Anti-corruption Commission to help curb the vice. ) Unfair determine This includes the unfair differential pricing, improper invoicing where the buyer requests for a price other than the actual price paid, pricing to outdo local competition, dumping commodities at prices to a lower place the foundation country prices and pricing practices that are permitted in the host country but against the law in the home country such (e. g. price fixation agreements). Unfair pricing is notable in the Kenyan economy where the prices of oil are inflated by the oil selling companies.The presence of the cheap mitumba habit in Kenya have contributed among other things to the death of the textile industry in Kenya which equally leads to unemployment oflabour and reduced taxes for the government. 3) Illegal/immoral activities in the host country practices such as pollution of the environment, the maintenance of unsafe working conditions, the violation of intellectual rights laws in product/technology copying where the protection of patents, trademarks and copyrights is at stake.This has in cross affected to a degree the Kenyan music industry where pirating is rampant. 4) Involvement in political affairs where political personnel get actively move in a countrys normal marketing operations and engage in unjust practices such as illegal technology transfers. The Kenyan government has rec ently handled claims where top political officers are reported to have liaised with other governments to defraud the state. These include the sale of maize to Sudan and the purchase of government primer at china. ) Questionable commissions paid to channel members where unreasonably high commissions are paid to sales agents, middlemen, consultants and import officials as fees, there is a reason to set up eyebrows. This is an unethical practice that is present especially in the less developed and developing countries. In Kenya, import officers are known as perpetrators to this menace. 6) Dumping I since considered dumping as an unethical practice of its own since it is present in Kenya.Dumping is where substandard products are sold cheaply to a country where the utilisation of the product in the manufacturing country is outlawed, used for other specified purposes or declared unfit for human consumption. For instance, The purchase of contaminated maize recently by the Kenya governme nt from South Africa, is one of the cases that identifies Kenya as one of the terminals of dumped goods among other things which include the dominance of vague China made goods in the Kenyan market. This includes hardware materials, home appliances and the recently noted turnover of mobile phones which hardly last for a month.

Friday, May 24, 2019

Describe two theories which explain the occurrence of schizophrenia

This paper sets out to look at the mental sickness of schizophrenic disorder and will examine two theories on the cause of this disorder and how they relate to genetics and the environs. The two theories we will discuss are, The Dopamine Theory and The heritable Theory Schizophrenia is a chronic and disabling brain disorder which is characterized by gross distortion of reality. The name Schizophrenia derives from the Greek words skhizein meaning to split and Phrenos (phren) meaning mind (Taylor, 2011).The condition is categorised by either Positive or Negative Symptoms which are unique to each individual. Individuals suffering from tyrannical symptoms of the disorder experience on-going episodes of psychosis affecting their ability to distinguish, what is real or imagined. Positive symptoms can be defined as symptoms of behaviour that are present notwithstanding should be absent they include behaviours such as delusions, h tout ensembleucinations, fragmented thinking and unus ual patterns of speech or behaviour.Negative symptoms on the other hand are the absence of normal behaviours which result in symptoms such as flattened emotional response, inability to express pleasure, apathy, poverty of speech and social withdrawal (Norman, 2004 365). Schizophrenia is a very complex disorder, and despite on-going debates, researchers have failed to identify one single cause of the disorder, however, it would appear that the consensus is that both biological and environmental factors could play an meaning(a) business office in the occurrence of the illness.One of the most well debated theories on the cause of Schizophrenia is the dopamine theory. The dopamine theory postulates that schizophrenia occurs as a result of hyperactivity of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the synapse. There are four main dopamine footpaths which have been implicated in the disorder of Schizophrenia and they are the Nigrostriatal parcel which is involved in motor control, Tuberoinfu ndibular pathway associated with sensory processes and the Mesolimbic and Mesocortical pathways which are connected to memory, motivation and emotional responses (Stahl, 2002 10).Research has given much attention specifically to the mesolimbic pathway which is a brain circuit dependent on dopamine. The mesolimbic pathway is often referred to as the reward pathway due to its key role in linking indisputable behaviours to the sensation of pleasure, such as those associated with the use of psychostimulant drugs like amphetamine, MDMA (Ecstasy) and cocaine (Stahl, 2008 272). The evidence to run on the theory that mesolimbic dopamine plays a role in Schizophrenia, follows logically from the treatment of the disorder with antipsychotic drugs such as chlorpromazine and fluphenazine.These drugs work by blocking dopamine D2 postsynaptic receptor sites, which inhibits the binding of dopamine, thus reducing autocratic symptoms (Seeman, 2011). Furthermore, several studies have suggested that the use of Psychostimulant drugs (such as amphetamines and cocaine), which work by enhancing dopamine neurotransmission, have been shown to induce psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions and disorganised speech and thinking, all of which demonstrate a marked resemblance to the positive symptoms exhibited in patients with Paranoid Schizophrenia (Laruelle, et al. , 1996 Breier, et al. , 1997 Abi-Dargham, et al. 1998).Although some research has implicated excess dopamine as a possible cause of schizophrenia, there is still much controversy surrounding this theory. It could be argued that the theory is reliable because research demonstrates that alterations in levels of dopamine either incense or reduce symptoms, however, there are limitations with this theory, as blocking of the dopamine D2 receptor sites will only have an impact on the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, and not the negative symptoms such as apathy, speech and working memory, which are associated with t he mesocortical pathway (Wayandt, 2006 130).It has been suggested by Stahl (2008), that the reason for this may be, that unlike the mesolimbic pathway which is hyperactive in dopamine, the mesocortical pathway may already be deficient in dopamine, therefore blocking of the D2 receptors in the mesocortical pathway could further increase negative symptoms. Swerdlow (2010 359) suggests that an argument against the dopamine possibility may be that some patients may be unresponsive to the more traditional neuroleptic drugs such as chlorpromazine which acts upon the D2 receptor sites.However, studies conducted by horse brier and Buchanan (1996) on the use of a new atypical anti-psychotic drug called clozapine, claimed to show a 40-60% improvement in symptoms for patients of schizophrenia who did not respond to the traditional neuroleptics (Pincus & Tucker, 2003 119). clozapine still plays a role in blocking the D2 receptor site precisely with less intensity than traditional antipsychot ics. However, it is also responsible for blocking a variety of other receptor sites including dopamine D4, 5-HT (serotonin), norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and histamine (Moses, 2012).With this in mind, it could be said that dopamine does not operate in isolation, and may form only bit of the etiology in the manifestation of Schizophrenia. What is clear is that the dopamine theory is far from conclusive, which would suggest that much more research is needed to examine the role that other neurotransmitters may play in the disorder. Furthermore, if dopamine does play a primary role in schizophrenia then this leads us to the question, what causes this dysfunction in the dopamine neurotransmitters?Studies to date have identified that several of the genes which are closely linked with Schizophrenia are directly involved in dopaminergic pathways (Howes & Kapur, 2009) this therefore leads us to a further conclusion that genetics and gene mutation may play a key role in the development of schizophrenia. Evidence suggests that there is a strong genetic predisposition to developing the disorder and the more closely someone is related to an individual with Schizophrenia, the higher the chance of them developing the disorder themselves (Nolen-Hesksema, et al. , 2009).Family, cope with and adoption studies demonstrate that there are higher concordance rates between monozygotic (Identical) twins than there is with dizygotic (non-identical) twins. Studies conducted by Gotteman (1991) instal that dizygotic twins had a 17% attempt factor if their twin sibling had the disorder however, for monozygotic twins, the rate increase to a more significant 48%. Further studies have revealed that children of schizophrenic parents showed similar concordance rates of 46%, however, children born to schizophrenic mothers but adopted by non-schizophrenic mothers only showed a risk factor of 17% (Kalat, 2009 451).These findings suggest that Schizophrenia is not entirely genetic, and that environmental factors may also play a role in the development of the disorder. However, in giving strength to the genetic theory, new research in epigenetics has found that, whilst monozygotic twins share the same DNA, there are variations in the levels of methylation discover in a gene called ST6GALNAC1, which has been found in individual schizophrenic twins (Times, 2011).Whilst these changes in segments of DNA offer some explanations for the discordance in monozygotic twin studies in Schizophrenia, it is suggested that these mutations develop as a result of environmental influences (Coghlan, 2011 16). Moving on, it has become apparent, that both dopamine and genetics play an important role in the predisposition towards schizophrenia. However, evidence appears to suggest that, whilst an individual may have a predisposition, this is not a guarantee that they will develop the disorder.Theorists believe that for those individuals who do have a predisposition towards schizophrenia, en vironmental factors can greatly influence the development and life course of the condition. One environmental factor which may be linked to the dopamine theory is the associated risk between prenatal exposure to viral infections and adult onset of schizophrenia (Psychiatry, 2011). Research suggests that prenatal environmental insults such as viral induced anaemia in the first and second trimesters, may lead to deficiency in myelination of neurons and dysfunction in the dopaminergic pathways (Brown, 2011).In support of this claim, a study by (Aguilar-Valles, et al. , 2010) used rat models to produce viral induced iron deficiency, and found that the biochemical and behavioural changes which occurred in the rats were characteristic of those found in adult schizophrenia. Moreover, Brown (2011) also suggests that iron deficiency significantly contributes to de novo mutations in DNA, and this may be due to a possible disruption of oxidization in the cells. Consequently, researchers have also identified significant representation of de novo mutations in Schizophrenics (Krebs & Rouleau, 2011).De novo mutations do not occur as a result of hereditary factors, but instead, are alterations which take place around the time of early conception (Reference, 2012). These findings may support the theory that prenatal environmental insults could be responsible for the increased risk in someone developing the disorder. Furthermore, this may also offer some explanation for the manifestation of schizophrenia in individuals who have no family narrative of the disorder.In conclusion, schizophrenia still remains one of the most perplexing and misunderstood disorders faced by mental health professionals. It is evident that dopamine, genetics and the environment all play a role in schizophrenia, however not one of these factors appears to work in isolation. In short, it would appear that the environment interacts with both biochemical and genetic factors and determines whether or not an individual is likely to develop the disorder.

Thursday, May 23, 2019

On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense

1. IntroductionIn the following I leave al matchless consider Nietzsches essay On rectitude and Lies in a nonmoral sense. fresh public I will look at a small section of this to work out his views on run-in, thusly I will examine the hearty of the essay in order to consider his use of illustration, metonymy and anthropomorphisms in detail. This examination will lead, by counselling of a consideration of the ways in which he uses metaphor and some early(a) devices, into a consideration of his airs regarding the nature of language. I will vagabond forrad the view that his interpretation of the nature of language undermines itself as it seeks to put itself forward as a equity time denying that truth exists as such.2. Truth and LanguageFirst, I consider the passage which starts What then is truth. In this passage, Nietzsche wants to pass on the flexible and changing quality of language. The statements which we take as truth, straightforward and easy to understand, were in fact authenticly more akin to poetry in their affinity with how things really ar. Language which was originally used in a metaphoric, metonymic or anthropomorphic way has lost the vital displume of the original statements, the original power of the symbolic use of language has become lost and only a shell remains.Over time the non-literal original sense has become literal so we take the words as a straightforwardly true or false statement. In the original use of language, people could understand that the terms were non meant literally only if a rich and evocative picture of how things are. This richness has become lost and we are left only with the empty structural force of the language, which we interpret as simple truth.This is my overall appreciation of this paragraph. However it is difficult to paraphrase accurately, due to the richness of the language Nietzsche uses. We could in fact say that his argumentation that truths are illusions which we use up forgotten are il lusions is couched in terms which are in themselves heavily figurative, rather than the propositions which would be easy to paraphrase.Truth, in the paragraph in principal, is a movable host, an illusion, something which is drained of sensuous force and a coin. The associations of these are rich, but not necessarily reconcilable. A coin, for instance, is not an illusion as it is an everyday part of economic exchange. Therefore, the roughly important facet of Nietzsches argument would come out to be that it is not a formulaic argument rather he uses poetry and metaphor to license the nature or language, rather than develop it in a whole step by step way.I now turn to the larger essay of which this quotation is a part. There are a host of metaphors, metonymies and anthropomorphisms in it1, and as pointed out in the question it is easy to overlook these. I will pick out a few of these to discuss why it is easy to overlook them. Part of the reason would seem to be that the text is simply so impenetrable with them. In some metres, several of these devices being crammed into it. Take, for example, the first few sentences (1). World history is described as arrogant and mendacious an anthropomorphic device ascribing hu troops characteristics to an abstract notion.Nature, likewise, is said to draw a few breaths which combines anthropomorphism with the metaphor of taking a while to pause. Later in the same paragraph, nature is said to swell up like a balloon which again combines metaphor and anthropomorphism. As well as the denseness with which these devices are packed, it is also the character that a more obvious device masks one in the same sentence which is less flamboyant. For example, in the sentence quoted immediately above, nature is also described as reprehensible a quality which properly speaking should really be ascribed to hu hu mankindkinds only. This less observable anthropomorphism somehow comes across as a literal statement. I suspect this is part of Nietzsches intention, as it shows the way in which language buttocks slip from being thoroughly poetic to less obviously so.The structure of his essay works to underline this. Passages of a less metaphorical or metonymic nature occur in between passages where the use of these devices, together with anthropomorphism, is dense. For example, Nietzsche discusses (4) how metaphor is involved in every step of verbalization and conceptualization from sense intelligence to abstract terms. This discussion is couched in reasonably straightforward language without obvious use of metaphor and the like.Passages such as these are, however, set against ones in which the language is dense with poetic devices, where, as Nietzsche says there is a moveable host of metaphors, metonymies, and anthropomorphisms (5). Such poetic passages require a different type of reading, one in which we are forced to recognize language as the dense and image-packed structure Nietzsche would have us believe it is in its entirety. In other words, I would contend that the fuse of metaphorical passages with more straightforward ones is a device intended to remind us of the inherently metaphorical nature of all words.Another way in which Nietzsche uses the devices strengthens the above. The metaphorical, metonymic and anthropomorphic passages provide a vivid and strong illustration of his points in the more straightforward sections. For example, he talks roughly mans learn for deception (2) a continuous fluttering around the solitary flame of vanity. The visual image thus constructed powerfully reiterates the later points he makes about the nature of truth and the value it plays for mankind. He appeals, as it were, to both our intellect and our senses.Section two of the essay is rich in unusual use of metaphor and other devices. Perhaps the most dense passage occurs at the end, where Nietzsche talks about intuitive (as opposed to rational) man. He piles device upon device to reiterate t he way he portays intuitive man. He is said to reap a harvest from his intuition, but Nietzsche takes the unusual step of elaborating this metaphor in another direction, for what man reaps is continually inflowing illumination, a metaphor one would associate with a river, not a harvest.I believe Nietzsche compounds metaphors in this way in order to demonstrate that the sense of what he is saying is not straightforward but has depths and resonates in different directions. It is also unusual that these two metaphors hide another, at the beginning of the sentence, where man is said to be standing in the midst of a culture. Here one could almost overlook the metaphoric nature of the expression, as it is stuffy to a common-sense expression. Id draw out that here Nietzsche is using the more unusual figures of speech as a way of alerting us to the metaphorical nature of all expression, including cases like this where the metaphor has almost passed into ordinary use.Another remarkable pas sage starts section two. Here the scientist is described as building his hut, which is equated with his understanding of the world. The imagery here is particularly rich and evocative, drawing up a visual image of a towering structure. It would seem that Nietzsche uses such particularly visual imagery to introduce his discussion of dreams, for the words evoke images akin to dreaming consciousness.A final point I would make about the use of metaphorical devices centers on his use of different metaphors (in this case with an animal theme) to reinforce his points. For example, when talking about the development of conceptualization, he compares it to both building upon a spiders mesh and to a bees building with wax (7). Earlier in the same passage he talks of this conceptualization in the context of the Roman gods. Because he repeats metaphors taken from levels above and below that of man, it is as if he is creating an over-metaphor which draws attention to mans nature and its distinc tness from the animal kingdom and that of the gods, which in turn serves to reinforce his notion of the subjectivity of language and perception.I now turn to the general points made about language in the essay as a whole. Firstly, I will give an overview of the essay itself before turning to a critique of Nietzsches points. The essay divides into two parts, and the tone of each is slightly different. The first contains more argument of a philosophical nature, although in the context of rhetorical passages, whereas the second is more lyrical in tone throughout. In part one, Nietzche discusses mans intellect. We cypher we are the centre of the universe, and that our noesis is a special thing, but so do the most lowly members of the animal kingdom.Our nature is inherantly deceptive, not aimed towards truth, however due to social constraints we feel it necessary to embrace truth in order to become part of a social world. He then turns to the nature of truth, which for Neitzsche is inh erantly illusionary and based on metaphor. Looking at the way in which we come to understand the world, this is based not on an actual coherence to things in themselves but an illusion, even at the most basic perceptual stage. Likewise concepts and abstractions have no inherant connection to the real state of the world.The moral impulse towards truth is cryptograph more than a Darwinian survival of the fittest. worldly concern cannot escape the restrain of his inherantly metaphorical viewpoint, which is also specific to the human species alone. However, to give ourselves a sense of security, we have to forget the metaphorical nature of understanding and take our experience as an experience of how things really are. Nietzsche concludes part one with a summary of the subjectivity of mans experience.Part two has a different tone, being more poetical overall. He starts by dismissing the claims of science to impart general truths which hold for all time. He reiterates that the drive to metaphor is the most important. Dreams are a way in which we can begin to understand the richness of the creative and metaphorical drive for what it is, a drive which is distinct from the scientific, rational one. In this section, Nietzsche seems to be hinting, against the first section, that through dreams and art man can perhaps come to an understanding of the role metaphor plays in language and truth.Nietzsche makes several general assertions about the nature of language in his essay. His foremost point is that language is inherently metaphorical. As pointed out, he reiterates this by use of the type of device he believes is a model of language. This, I think, is the central theme of his essay, and one which, by his use of language, he puts across most subtlety. However, there seems to be a problem with his view point. He seems to be taking the viewpoint of someone who can say what is true and what is not.He wants to say that truth as we perceive it is an illusion, but does no t explain why we should believe his illusion rather than any other. He does not merely want to suggest by poetic devices that truth is an illusion, but to consider that this is the case. He wants to do philosophy, not poetry, and philosophy is concerned with using rational argument to put forward ones own case, and dismiss opposing views. The problem is that any argument he uses to support his own view also works against this view.I believe Nietzsches other points are flawed also. Mans nature, he contends, is to deceive himself, and this, he postulates, is for a Darwinian end, the survival of the individual (2). The first instinct of the individual is self-preservation, and indeed to deceive. However, social forces come into play if man wants to exist happily with others he cannot be seen to tell lies, that is, to disagree with the herd. Therefore the desire for truth comes into play.Truth is useful to society. Man does not desire truth for his own sake, as the philosophers say, r ather he desires the pleasant, life-preserving consequences of truth (3). Nietzsche thus postulates a socially driven theory of truth, where the quest for knowledge is an illusion, and social reality the only reality. My argument with this would be it fails to explain cases where individuals act in a way which they know will make their position in their social group uncomfortable and unpleasant, and do so because they want to find the truth.Nietzsche talks about the way in which humans develop language to argue that metaphor is always present from original sense perceptions (3-4). He says a nerve stimulus is transferred into an image first metaphor (4). After this, he says, each subsequent stage is also built upon metaphor. However, I would argue that in order to distinguish a metaphor as such, we need to have a concept of how things really are, in order that we can know when descriptions are metaphorical (that is, not literal). If, as Nietzsche argues, metaphor exists from the very first act of perception, then how can we make sense of a distinction between metaphor and non-metaphor?There is also, I believe, a confusion in the essay about the perspective of what Nietzsche proposes. He suggests that man had to erase the understanding of the metaphorical nature of language from his consciousness in order to live with any sense of security, and also that if man could escape from the confines of this prison-like viewpoint, his self-consciousness would be immediately destroyed (8). This suggests that man is permanently trapped in the view of language as a truth bearing vehicle, unable to see things as they really are.This is problematic in two ways. First, that Nietzsche obviously thinks he can stand outside this language trap in order to explain how others are bound by it. Secondly, he seems to suggest at the same time that man can come to the acknowledgment that the nature of language and indeed life is other than he believes it to be, which assumes that the p rison of language is one that can, and should be overcome. This confusion seems at least partly to acquire from the two sections of the essay, which are different in tone. In the second section he seems to be saying that art is one way in which man can free himself from the confines of language and confuse the conceptual categories and cells by bringing forward new transferences, metaphors, and metonymies (10).3. ConclusionIn the above, I have attempted a apprise analysis of Nietzsches essay. I have attempted to bring out his central point, that language is essentially metaphorical, and also to look his other discussions of the nature language and truth plays for man. I have looked at the ways in which he uses metaphor, metonymy and anthropomorphism in different ways, each of which underline his central ideas about language. I have tried to show that, for me, his arguments although subtle and dense are ultimately not coherent, as he tries to step outside the framework of metaphor to explain how things really are.I also suggest that although Nietzsche is attempting philosophy, to convince the reader that he has a valid thesis and to present the argument for this, it is difficult to serve well his case fully as he uses the resources of a poet as well as a philosopher. It is not within the brief to use poetry and metaphor to answer Nietzsche, so theres a sense in which I am unable to answer him on his own terms.1 briefly, a metaphor is when one thing is compared to another by saying a is b or similar, for example my heart is a fountain, where b is something which a is not ordinarily literally said to be. Metonymy is where a feature of something is used as a shorthand for the thing itself. For example, a school child might refer to a particular teacher as big nose. Finally anthropomorphism is when human characteristics are ascribed to animals Nietzsches use seems also to include the ascription of specifically human traits to an impersonal non-human world.

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

Behavioural Aspect of Budgeting in Public Sector Essay

Budgets are part of management control designed to promote the efficient use of resources and providing support for other critical functions. The extent to which any compute is successful is very much dep demolitionant on its acceptance and the attitudes of workers towards it. This paper focuses on the crucial role of the behavioural aspects of budgeting and how an understanding of its importance can feed to a successful budgeting process. It describes the nature of budgeting and analyses the budgeting process in organisations. The paper shows why budgeting is important to firms and describes the conflict budgeting has on human behaviour such as penury and dysfunctional behaviour.The behavioural aspects of the budgeting process are also examined. Finally, the public sector budgeting process is analysed, focussing on the need to tackle Beyond Budgeting issues in the twenty-first century whereby organisations budget without a budget. In the literature review, it was found that at that place was no perfect means of ensuring a successful budgeting process but there was general agreement in many areas of how the process might successfully assist. As with most concepts, there were mixed opinions on some issues such as benefits of participation as opposed to non-participation. What was common is the view that the budgeting process in particular and management control systems in general cannot afford to ignore the impact of behaviour on these processes.Key words Beyond Budgeting behavioural aspects budget and human behaviour budgeting process and public sector/service budgetsThe Nature of Budgeting closely every enterprise, regardless of size, complexity or sector, relies heavily on budgets and budgetary systems to achieve strategic goals. The success and importance of budgeting relates to the identification of organisational goals, allocation of responsibilities for achieving these goals, and consequently its capital punishment (Shah 2007 Robinson 2007 Drake and Fabozzi 2010). It is one of the most successful and useful management accounting techniques that can reap handsome rewards if properly understood and implemented.The process of budgeting involves setting strategic goals and objectives and growth forecasts for revenues, costs, production, cash flows and other important factors (Jr. Bierman 2010 and Bonner 2008). By putting together a funding and investment strategy in place, this will allow those responsible for financing of the company to determine what investment can be made and how these investments will be financed. In other words, budgeting pulls together decisions regarding capital budgeting, capital structure, and working capital. (Drake and Fabozzi 2010 115). The end result of the process is the production of the formal document referred to as a budget.

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

Maritime Domain Awareness

SYNOPSIS FOR piece of music 3 ON MARITIME DOMAIN AWARENESS AS A VEHICLE FOR EFFECTIVE Nigerian NAVY OPERATIONS GUEST LECTURERRear Admiral FD Akpan (Rtd) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. This newsprint talk overed the model of Maritime Domain cognisance (MDA) in the strategic dimension involving the shelter and safety of the marine environment. It boost hard-pressed that safety and security of the ocean environment are critical for internal security and scotch wellbeing of any nation.While it highlighted the prospects of Nigerias littoral, the paper was quick to enumerate that in that respect was destiny to break in issue(p) patrols, improve naval security and put up a conducive environment at bottom the ocean hu objet dart race for enhanced commercial activities and foster the development of Nigeria. 2. The prospect of Nigerias naval domain is bulky due to the presence of huge mineral deposit however, the paper highlighted nigh threats to Nigerias adequate practice of t he domain.These threats include nation state threat, terrorism, trans- national criminals, pirates, environment pollution and illegal immigration. Of interest to the pointer was the loss of revenue, use opportunity and environmental degradation as a result of these threats to Nigerias maritime domain. The paper stressed the extremity for the NN to imbibe the tenets of maritime awareness by acquiring critical rejoinder architecture for good naval operation.Some strategies proposed by the paper to address these threats include the preservation of the freedom of the seas/waterways through effective presence, facilitating and defending commerce and facilitating the movement of desirable goods and people, while screening out dangerous people and goods. 3. The paper enumerated the ISPS code and Safety of Lives at Sea (SOLAS) as several(prenominal) transnational instruments for enhancing MDA. However, there was fatality to shuffle information and intelligence between government ag encies and private ector because sharing of common data bases has been identified as unitary of the attain to the development of an effective MDA. In line with this development, the paper stressed the need for Nigeria to implement the pro imagings of these instruments as proposed in the code as soon as possible to hit international standards and practice. 4. Building capacity for MDA as posited in the paper could be enhanced through a flier and an enabling act, because the bill would seek to provide the national structures, roles and the various guide lines towards the actualisation of the instruments of the conventions on MDA.though the maritime security Bill is before the national assembly, the paper suggested the partnering of the NN with other key stakeholders in reservation inputs. However, due to the inhibitive cost of MDA programmes which would cause strains in planning regimes, there is need to utilize the provision for union to build enviable capacities for MDA withi n the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) and other well advanced countries. As part of measures to build capacity towards effective naval operation through MDA, the NN would need to acquire some infrastructure to facilitate the monitor of vessels that enter Nigerias maritime domain.These infrastructures include Port Vessel concern Management Information System (VTMIS), coastal VTMIS, Automated assignment System (AIS), Long Range Identification and Tracking (LRIT) and Radio, Radar and Telecommunication system. 5. The strategic approach adopted in the paper for MDA guides consistent interior(prenominal) and partner-initiated programmes, as well as significant regional collaborationism accustomed the trans-national character of most threats and vulnerabilities. therefore the proposal in the paper is a strategy incorporating regional and global realities. However, to master the appropriate MDA, savvy the implications of threats would help stakeholders and government to be tter appreciate their respective roles. 6. The paper was also of the view that while the NN within its premises could provide the wherewithal to educate her effect on the tenets of the code, the government must compliment the efforts of the NN with the acquisition of the ripe(p) size and type of ships and platforms.Also, it was opined in the paper that in the short term timeline for the NN to provide the adequate response as c both for in the MDA strategy, the Forward Operational Bases would have to be developed appropriately to meet the demands of MDA. The development would involve construction of jetties logistics support facilities and other infrastructures to support helicopters operation. While the long term pinch in the paper was the phased refit of NN warships. The paper was of the view that the losses to the government could be reduced if the silver for the refit and acquisition of NN ships were provided.However, the paper stressed that the personnel are the greatest as caboodles towards the realisation of effective MDA. Consequently, there was need for the NN to appropriate the right skills towards the management of the equipment required to actualise the regime. VERBATIM REPORT OF INTERACTIVE seance 7. The discussion session was conducted by the following resource persons a. V/Adm J Ayinla (Rtd)-Moderator b. R/Adm OS Ibrahim-Discussant c. R/Adm J Kpokpogri-Discussant d. AVM Atawodei-Discussant e. Cdre IE Ibas-Discussant MODERATOR OPENING REMARKS 8. The moderator commended the presenter for doing justice to the topic.He stressed that maritime domain has been given several definitions, but most of the definitions had missed out one part of the definition. According to him the earth global and 70 per cent of it is compensateed by water. He win stressed that the underwater aspect of maritime domain has always been ignored. He then posited that discussants should pay adequate attention to the underwater aspect of the maritime domain. He state t hat vision 20 started in 1979. However, timeliness had been a problem in the NN. He posited that NN had continued from where it was in 1979, the NN could have gone far. CDRE IE IBAS 9.The first discussant was Cdre IE Ibas. He thanked the CNS for big him the opportunity to comment on the presentation. He acknowledged that the presentation was comprehensive, apt and the definitions of the variables of Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) suited the theme of the conference. He stated that the presenter understood the goal of MDA as the early assignment of threats at sea. According to him, the United States was the frontline proponent of the concept of MDA at all levels with the vision of multi layer domain picture involving identifying picture and observing known pattern of vessel movement in the MDA. 0. The discussant stressed the need for Nigeria to pursue an aggressive maritime domain culture. He further highlighted that Nigeria necessarily MDA in crop to achieve 202020. The discussa nt emphasized that the SWOT analysis of the presentation gave an expose of the maritime environment. It was highlighted that MDA must go beyond platform sensors, consequently automated detection system could be the basis for MDA as they could be active for activities at sea. According to the discussant, the threats of terrorism are non as potent as militancy in Nigeria.Therefore, according to the presentation, all efforts could be geared towards addressing the potent threat of militancy. The militant attack on book of maps Cove was used for illustration. 11. The presentation also identified man as one of the key element in achieving MDA. However, the present attitude of personnel to attain MDA was stressed. The discussant enumerated the conditions that were prevalent in the 1980s when the NN had been involved in sensational smugglers and pirates. The discussant stressed that the NN may not achieve the required rchitecture for MDA with the present behavioural attitude of the perso nnel. However, the discussant stressed that it was pleasing to note that the NN through the RMAC in the NN Base, Apapa through the installation of the Automatic Identification System (AIS) was do overconfident progress in MDA. He opined that the RMAC could be installed on NN helicopters. He was of the opinion that greater interaction was required between partners and stakeholders. However, the challenge of inter agency and profit rivalry would need to be overcomed in order to achieve MDA.R/ADM J KPOKPOGRI 12. The second discussant was R/Adm Kpokpogri. He thanked the CNS for finding him worthy to discuss this paper. He commended the presenter for a well delivered paper. The discussant stressed that he would look at the paper from one angle. He stated that the United States and the European nations started MDA. It was necessitated by the need to stop drugs trafficking and other illegal activities perpetrated at sea. 13. The importance of the NN is yet to be fully appreciated becau se the NN lacks the necessary platforms to cope with the present challenges.According to him, the NN needs new platforms in order to cope with the challenges. He stressed that it was alarming to note that about 80 per cent of ships operating in Nigerias water are not registered. Consequently, he posited that there was need for the NN to synergise with NIMASA and other maritime agencies such as DPR and NNPC on observation of certificate carried by vessels in our maritime environment in order to enhance efficiency. 14. According to the discussant, there was need for all involved in maritime security including retired senior officeholder to help the NN in repositioning her for the challenges.According to the discussant, Nigerias zep region is dominated by franco phone countries, consequently, he made some prayers for the NN to consider. The prayers made included the establishment of french language to enhance cooperation in the sub region, establishment of MDA watch in ENC and WNC a nd the need to involve foreign stake holders like the US and UK in perfecting MDA in Nigeria. R/ADM OS IBRAHIM 15. The third discussant was R/Adm OS Ibrahim and he stressed that he would look at the presentation based on 3 premises. The discussant highlighted his assumptions as . It is upon the NN under the providence of God that the prosperity of the nation rest. b. Patrolling Nigerias EEZ is the only safe fight down for control. c. Even if the money and resources required are made available today it will take a min of 5 days to achieve the much required state. 16. According to the discussant, MDA in line with vision 202020 would eradicate poverty, bring about peace and development. He stressed that MDA could guarantee full security of the maritime domain, make waters safe and attractive for investment.He was of the view that the presenter was modest in his recommendations, however, he stressed that the presentation omitted logistics ship which was important for presence. 17. The discussant stressed that US mentioned capability gap in the regional maritime domain. To cover the gap, the US installed the RMAC in Nigeria. He further stressed that he was prosecute collaborative effort to enhance the utilisation of the RMAC. Consequently, the NN was able to organise a capability awareness discussion on the RMAC with representative from NPA and NIWA including the Director General of NIMASA.He was of the opinion that Nigerias maritime agencies would need to abet better in order to achieve the objectives of MDA. AVM ATAODE 18. AVM Ataode structured his discussion into 2 parts. He raised some observations which included a. Was it the first time the NN was discussing MDA? b. He corrected the mistake on the deadline for compliance with ISPS code on para 25 from 21September to 31 July 2009. c. Why has Nigeria not passed its own bill as was done in Ghana. 19. He stressed that the focus for MDA would be on early detection by radars and radios.Consequently, he opined that the NN could set up a task force in determining NN capability on MDA. He stated that MDA could make the sea transparent and continuously available. According to the discussant, PICOMMS came about as a directive from IMO that all maritime nations should put in place a body to oversee the implementation of the ISPS code. He further enumerated that the government organisations were the ones defaulting in the implementation of the ISPS code, however, he stressed that 65 facilities have been declared compliant by the relevant business office.Most compliant facility was Niger dock while the least was the Atlas cove in Lagos. 20. He stated that the contract sum for COMMARAS was over bloated to the tune of 250 million euros, leading to the re-evaluation of the contract. He emphasised that PICOMMS was not meant to be a permanent establishment. According to him the COMMARAS was to be installed at 11 stations, with 93 personnel to man each radar stations. However, some of the locations of th ese radar station sites are uninhabited. PICOMMS has procured the DA 42 Opale Twin asterisk and King Air 350 aircraft. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE FLOOR 21. Cdr Oluwagbamila.MDA is not an end in itself but a means to an end. Do we have a maritime security policy? Efforts of the government in achieving MDA were borne out of external influence. ISPS by IMO code and AIS by US, there was need to harmonise the 2, because both are meant to achieve the same goal. 22. R Adm Arogundade. MDA is a subset of the policing role of the NN. The absence of training in policing role has affected the capability of young officers from appreciating the late challenges in policing functions. 23. Capt Carew (Rtd). PICOMMS primary duties is to coordinate international shipping and ports facility.The absence of a senior naval officer could act as an impediment to the functions of the agency. 24. R Adm Adedeji. tangible MDA is what is happening at the national high command. Real Change has to come from the pol itical masters. 25. Capt Okunbor. He suggested that papers presented in the CONSAC be forwarded to the national planning commission on the implementation of vision202020 as the NN repositions itself for development. 26. Sen Olajumoke. He stressed a point that his duty was to be present for the whole deliberations in order to tow the line of developmental needs of the NN. He noted Capt Carews suggestion.He had expected that someone would have reacted on the opinion of the first discussant. PRESENTER 27. The presenter concord with Cdr Oluwagbamila in working out the terms for maritime strategy, he cited examples with the US. He stated that there was need for the NN to be in charge with issues bothering on maritime security. MODERATOR 28. In summarising the session, political will was needed from the national authority from where national aspiration derives all that needs to be done. He wanted to know the authority to deliver maritime security. He stressed that the national prosperit y of Nigeria is dependent on sea ply and NN.Also, he stressed that there was consider previous threat appreciation in order to re-align it. failure of the NN could be hinged on inability to ensure deterrence. In this regard, he highlighted the absence of a compact force and capability of visual deterrence. He further stressed the sophistication of the militants in Nigeria was affecting capacity development for adequate MDA. 29. He enumerated that the budget for maintenance of ARADU was not enough to ensure 15 per cent availability of the ship. According to him there was need for the NN to come up with a plan to growth within a time frame say 2010, 2020 or 2030.Also, in his opinion, discussions bothering on ships could involve training considerations and motivations. These would ensure that the personnel are adequately motivated. The issue of 100 ships for the sub region was raised. He opined that, if Nigeria has to be relevant, Nigeria would have to provide at least 60 ships. In this regard, if Nigeria was to be among the 20 most developed economies, she was to develop her national and sea power. 30. Finally, he stated that the NN does not have the right platforms to counter the present threats in our maritime domain.He opined that the NN could realise effective naval operations through better inter-agency cooperation between the NN and PICOMMS, and also that the NN could blaspheme more on force multipliers for early detection and countering of threats. POSERS FOR PAPER 3 1. How can the NN in collaboration with other stake holders in the maritime sector implement measures to achieve MDA? 2. How can the NN harness her FOBs for better MDA? 3. How can a framework for setting up a dedicated body structure that would be responsible for coordinating MDA in Nigeria? 4.Identify the factors militating against effective MDA in Nigeria with a view to proffering solutions. 5. Based on an identified structure, does the NN need to pursue an act of parliament? 6. Is ther e an enabling act for effective MDA or are the existing terms good enough for an effective MDA? 7. Identify sources through which dedicated financial support for MDA can be achieved outside government sources. 8. What strategies can be adopted by the NN in efficaciously combating identified threats so as to sustain effective NN operations? 9. Identify policies for implementing MDA and suggest ways of making them more effective.If none, suggest policies. 10. What infrastructures can be put in place to facilitate effective monitoring of vessels? 11. In what ways can partnership with the various stakeholders be harnessed towards achieving MDA? 12. In extending her influence to cover the Gulf of Guinea, what asset mix would the NN require to be effective? 13. What strategies can be adopted by the NN to ensure that personnel are adequately enlightened or trained on MDA? 14. In what areas should the NN key into or make input towards the proposed maritime security bill in order to ensure that the interests of the service are guarded?

Monday, May 20, 2019

Explain how the men and women in Shakespeare’s Othello misunderstand each other

Analysing the male and female relationships in William Shakespe ars Othello it is clear the sexes fail to understand to each one opposite, particularly on the custodys part. Whilst the wo workforce are more mature and tend to overestimate the custody, the men are consumed by their vanity and reputation and can non accept women honestly.Desdemona and Othellos miss of soul for each other contributes to their miscommunication. Othello cannot fully faith Desdemona because his recognize his too idealistic and he fails to comprehend her honest and realistic approach to knowShe love me for the dangers I had passedAnd I loved her that she did pity them.This implies that Desdemonas affections fuel his ego and he loves her for this more than anything else. Othellos worshipping of Desdemona prohibits him from truly understanding herO my fair warriorIf it were now to die,Twere to be most happy for I fearMy soul hath her mental object so absoluteThat not another comfort succeeds in unkn give birth fate.He does not distinguish her as human and capable of faultAnd when I love thee not,chaos is come again.Desdemona on the other hand does not romanticise Othello, but approaches their love realistically and maturely. She loves Othello for the person he is and does not shy(p) from the topic of consummationI saw Othellos visage in his mind.That I did love the Moor to see with him, if I be left behindThe rites for which I love him are bereft meHowever, as a good deal as Othello cannot understand her honest approach to love, nor can she comprehend his connection between their love and his honour. In this respect she overestimates Othello and fails to see his capacity for greedyyI think the sun where he was born move all such humours from him.Unwittingly, she wounds his pride by lying about the handkerchief and pursuing Cassios dispositionI say it is not lostThis is a trick to put me from my suit.Pray you permit Cassio be reliable again.The women are seen by the men as possessions and criteria for their honour. Othello cannot conceive that Desdemona is her own person and could take on emotions and opinions separate to his. She shows her self-assertiveness when she defends Cassio, but in doing so questions Othellos judgment. Youll never find a more sufficient man. Where sexuality is concerned, he seeks deal control over her. Her faithfulness is not only needed for his ego, (Cuckold me) but the hap that Desdemona has sexual desires frightens and bewilders himO curse of marriageThat we can call these creatures oursAnd not their appetitesIago also reflects this possessiveness over his wife. He accuses Cassio and Othello of having leapt into his seat which implies he owns Emilia, and is astounded when she defiantly reveals his malice at the endI will not act upon my tongueWhat, are you mad? I charge you get you home.Brabantios response to his daughters marriage holds a alike attitude. Desdemona, a maiden never bold, so still and quiet that she was scared of her own shadow, has been stolen from him. He intelligibly does not understand his daughter considerably for we soon see she is strong and assertiveThat I did love the Moor to live with him.My downright violence and scornMay trumpet to the world.Throughout the play Roderigos conduct is a prime example of how the men view the women as possessions. Hopelessly romanticising Desdemona, (who is not aware of his existence, let alone his love for her) he relentlessly pursues her attempting to purchase her through IagoTherefore make moneyIll contend all my land.Iago speaks of Othellos marriage in terms of piracy and of Desdemona as a treasure ship, reinforcing his ideas of women as possessionshe hath tonight boarded a land-carack.Interestingly, Emilia comments on this weakness of all men. In rail line to the mens complete misconceptions about women, Emilia shows awareness and perceptiveness of the opposite sex. She does understand that men stereotype women and forget they take away their own mindsLet husbands knowtheir wives have sense like them they see andsmell,And have palates for both reinvigorated and sourAs husbands have.She recognises the jealousy of mens natures.They are not ever jealous for the cause,But jealous for they are jealous.However, although she succinctly predicts what is behind Othellos behaviour, for all her worldliness, she fails to pinpoint the blame to her own husband. This suggests that maybe she doesnt know him that well to consider him capable of such malice. The Moors abused by some most villainous knave.Preoccupied with honour, the men categorise women into either whores or Madonnas, and fail to recognise them as individuals. Desdemona, a real lady, is continually referred to as divine and all the men greatly esteem her. Their respect is close to worship. Casio saysYou men of Cyprus, let her have your knees.Hail to thee, LadyRoderigo swears he loves her enough to incontinently drown himself. Even Iago says Now I do lov e her too and suggests he would like to sleep with her.Bianca, on the other hand, is immediately shunned for being a woman of the street and is not worthy of such high regard. The plays humanisation of her undercuts the mens one-dimensional perceptionI am no strumpet, but of life as honestAs you that thus abuse me.Unlike Desdemona, men cannot align their honour with such a woman as she has been used and is no longer pure. In contrast to his approach to the divine Desdemona Cassio says of Bianca, I marry her What A customer He is indifferent to her love for him, and Bianca does not realise that he will never take her seriously but always see her as a whoreTis such another fitchew Marry, a perfumed oneDesdemona does not understand how men can label women whores for she insists that such a woman does not exist, and she therefore does not understand mens preoccupation with honour-tell me, Emilia That there be women do abuse their husbandsIn such pull in kind?Misogynistic attitudes per petrated by Iago and eventually developed in Othello reveal a distrust of women, and affirm the lack of understanding between the sexes. To Iago, all women are whores. You rise to play and got to bed to work. He is rude to his own wife and unhesitatingly kills her. Villainous whore (He stabs her.) With Iagos manipulation, Othello adopts these views and his divine Desdemona falls straight from Madonna to whore. She has tainted his reputation and wounded his ego, (or so he believes) and he must kill her before she corrupts other men. Yet she must die, else shell sponsor more men. His words to her become bitter and scathingI took you for that cunning whore of VeniceThat married with Othello.The junto of their honour and misunderstanding of women makes the men easily jealous. We see this in their quickness to damn their wives as adulteresses without concrete evidence. Othello is so distrusting, the absence of a handkerchief becomes the ocular proof, when ironically he has seen nothing . His jealousy makes him willing to condemn. Damn her, raunchy minx Iago also accuses his wife with unfounded suspicion of sleeping with Cassio and OthelloHes done my office. I know not if it be true,But I, for mere suspicion in that kind,Will do as if for surety.The men and women in Othello do not understand each other. The mens preoccupation with honour and romantic ideals of love, leads them to misunderstand women regard them as either whores or Madonnas and possessions for men. The women, in contrast, are more mature and realistic. However women such as Desdemona overestimate the men and are unable to empathise with their attitudes, or recognise their jealous natures.

Sunday, May 19, 2019

Public speaking: A vital skill for teachers Essay

I have a dream a speech by Martin Luther King that united a nation and broke down racial barriers. Without Kings leading and inspirational speech it may have taken an extra 10 years to bring equating to all(a)(prenominal) races. Hitlers many speeches were delivered with extreme passion and ca expendd arguably one of the most horrific genocides of all time. Throughout history human race language has united people and ca apply great change, both for the better and worse. humanity verbalise is important, in history and in life. It is a decisive skill in many disciplines. all the same nowhere to a greater extent than prominent than education. commonplace speaking in education is how educators inspire, teach and work students. devout public speaking skills can enhance confidence, confabulation skills, help demonstrate chouseledge and improve public image.Public speaking usually consists of trinity main components including preparation, optical back up and non- verbal commu nicating.How come up these three main components are demonstrated or used can be the difference between a great influential educator who can inspire and teach students and a variance that will non pay attention and a teacher who cannot engage. Preparation is primal in presenting a well vox populi out, impressive presentation. To an educator preparation is vital. Preparation usually consists of the following elements listening, research, rhetorical mix and rehearsal. Elisabeth Gareis in Guidelines for Public Speaking expresses the importance of tailoring to the interview. Gareis (2006) states that at all times during the process of preparing and delivering a speech, we need to go for in mind that we are speaking to an audience and not just to ourselves (pp.3). For an educator it is crucial to know the students and the curriculum so that the instruction and how the information is delivered is tailored to the specific class. The audience is key and public speaking is all about gentle the audience whether it be a class of grade ones, students in last school or even work colleagues.Regardless if the purpose is to persuade, argue or entertain without the audiences attention the message is lost. To avoid the loss of the message and to keep the audience engaged it is vital to know the target audience. Know the students or colleagues ideals, the classes diversity, the beliefs and expectations (Nash, 2013). Knowing the audience can help incorporate what the audience expects and the purpose of the presentation or lesson to coincide together effectively. However knowing the audience or class is provided half the battle as public speaking or teaching is pointless without something to say. Educators imprecate on conceivable sources to teach students about specific subjects. Research is the tool teachers most commonly use to find relevant, reliable, academic sources that support and explain the specific disciplines taught to the class. Research is important in creating a well thought out, well developed lesson in which can be tested by an academic criteria. after research is important in backing up the three most arguably important aspects to engage students. Logos, Ethos and Pathos make up the rhetorical mix developed by Aristotle.Aristotle argued that the presence of Logos, Ethos and Pathos is vital in creating a persuasive speech (Nash, 2013, pp 154-155). Logos the accumulation to logic, Ethos the appeal to credibility and Pathos the appeal to emotion (Eunson,2012 as cited in Nash, 2013) are all equally important to address in a persuasive argument. Addressing all three aspects of a rhetorical mix is an effective government agency to create an engaging presentation that transports its message in a way the audience or students can easily understand. description is the final stage of preparation that brings all aspects of the presentation or lesson together (Scudder.V, 2009). Rehearsal is an effective way to make sure all details of a presentation are in order to situation at the highest possible quality. Rehearsal is key to creating a professional discipline environment for the students and a credible name for the Teacher.Subsequently rehearsal is also the best place to make sure all visual and audio aid aspects are in working order so a professional learning environment can be maintained and students attention do not labour (Scudder.V, 2009). Visual aids provide a further aspect to any presentation. Images, videos, handouts, posters and power points are all included as a form of visual aid. Visual aids can be used as a tool to engage students and complement content. However Visual aids especially informatory aids such as power point images and video clips, should be used sparingly only to emphasis or explain the lessons content (Wright, J. 2009). Jane Wright explains in The role of computer software in presenting information that delivering a presentation with both audio and visual stimuli can affect the amount of information bear by the audience.Thus for educators it is important to tailor to the lesson only using visual or audio aids necessary to communicate the required information. Consequently gestures and actions can be just as engaging as a picture therefore just as much emphasis should be placed on non-verbal communication as visual or audio aids. Non- verbal communication includes all form of communication aside from the content said aloud. Non- verbal communication suggests everything from what you wear to how you stand can communicate a message to your audience (Nash, 2013). To educators this is especially important as students pay attention to how a teacher looks and acts. Non-verbal communication is imperative for imparting knowledge to students and maintaining their attention. Stance, eye contact, gestures and paralinguistics can all communicate confidence, knowledge and enthusiasm. Students are more likely to listen to a teacher dressed professional, making eye conta ct, moving around the populate and placing emphasis on key areas with gestures and volume than a slouched over,monotone teacher who could not make the lying-in to iron their shirt.Non- verbal communication can be just as important if not more important than visual aids. As using honesty and enthusiasm as well as unattackable communication skills to engage students is much more effective for educators to communicate the desired content (Wright, J. 2009) Public speaking is extremely important for an educator. Students Listen to Teachers who inspire them and who communicate their ideas, knowledge or lesson effectively. If a teacher cannot communicate with students then they cannot be a Teacher. Therefore it is vital for an educator to become familiar and to master the key areas of becoming a great influential, engaging public speaker. Preparation, Visual aids and Non-Verbal communication if used powerful are what can make any speech or lesson memorable. Consequently teachers need t o be alive(predicate) that public speaking is a day to day ritual and mastering it is what can change a teacher to an inspiring mentor who engages their students.Reference ListBandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall. Nash, G. (2013). A guide to university assessment. QLD, Australia John Wiley & Sons. Section 5 pp. 158-184.Scudder.V (2009). G Sound check How to avoid presentation dangers. October, p. 10 Wright, J. (2009). The role of computer software in presenting information presentation software is used frequently to circularise ideas in visual forms that can be understood easily. Jane wright asks whether senior nurses should develop their skills in rhetoric instead. 16 (4), 3034. Elisabeth Gareis Guidelines for public speaking, pp. 3-4